(1) Three trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol [DON], 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol [15-ADON], and nivalenol [NIV]) and zearalenone (ZEA) were detected in corn samples, and DON, NIV, and ZEA were found in wheat samples.
(2) Parameters monitored during the fermentation were deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) production, fungal mass, carbohydrate utilization, and pH.
(3) 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), a biosynthetic precursor of deoxynivalenol (DON), was extracted from rice cultures of Fusarium graminearum R6576 and purified.
(4) Future risk assessments for DON should therefore include consideration of 15-ADON occurrence and toxicity.
(5) Risk assessments for DON should therefore consider the potential for 15-ADON occurrence and toxicity in food and feed.
(6) The results indicate that 15-ADON was more or less toxic than DON depending on the route of administration.
(7) Growing female B6C3F1 mice were fed semi-purified diets containing 0, 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 ppm 15-ADON over 56 days and assessed for effects on feed intake, body-weight gain, terminal organ weights and blood clotting function.
(8) After a short review of the current mammographic techniques, the main features of synchroton radiation in the X-ray field are analyzed, especially of that emitted by the Adone storage ring.
(9) Compared with Shangqiu corn, the incidence and mean level of DON in Linxian were 2.4 and 5.8 times higher, respectively, and those of 15-ADON were 16.3 and 2.6 times higher, respectively.
(10) Although mice treated with 15-ADON had significantly decreased bleeding times, other measurements of clotting function indicated no differences between the control and treated groups.
(11) Combinations of deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and HT-2 toxin were tested at various concentrations and the effects were determined based on percent mortality.
(12) In general, qualitative and quantitative production of DON and 15-ADON by Fusarium graminearum R6576 were dependent on the composition of the complex liquid medium.
(13) This is the first report to demonstrate the presence of a group of mycotoxins in corn-staple food of Linxian residents, including Nivalenoal (NIV), Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), T-2 toxin (these 5 toxins belong to trichothecenes) and zearalenone (ZEN).
(14) For pigs receiving 15-ADON and DON ip, increased dosage was associated with decreased average time to vomition, increased duration of emesis and increased average number of vomitions.
(15) The acute toxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) were compared in the B6C3F1 female mouse after oral and intraperitoneal exposure.
(16) Dietary 15-ADON at the 0.5- and 2.0-ppm levels did not show significant effects on weight gain, feed intake or organ weights.
(17) This is the first report of the natural coexistence of a group of Fusarium mycotoxins (nivalenol [NIV], deoxynivalenol [DON], 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol [3-ADON], 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol [15-ADON], and zearalenone [ZEN]) in corn from Linxian, China, an area with a high risk of esophageal cancer.
(18) Results indicated that 15-ADON was only slightly less toxic than DON and that chronic manifestations of dietary 15-ADON were similar to those found previously for DON.