(n.) Whiteness. Specifically: (Astron.) The ratio which the light reflected from an unpolished surface bears to the total light falling upon that surface.
Example Sentences:
(1) I describe concentrations of reflected solar radiation (albedo) found at the usual sites of various conditions associated with exposure to the sun--pterygium, pinguecula, climatic droplet keratopathy and cataract and eyelid malignancy.
(2) This proposed dosimeter (a combination of Harshaw beta-gamma thermoluminescence dosimeter and albedo neutron thermoluminescence dosimeter) has an advantage of using a minimum number of thermoluminescence dosimeter elements (therefore, making it less costly) to measure the dose equivalents in a mixed field of neutron, photon, and beta radiation.
(3) This, together with the effective attenuation coefficient, permits indirect experimental determination of both the albedo and the anisotropy factor (g) of the scattering function.
(4) The calculated energy spectra can be used in other problems and the albedo factors can be applied in practical shielding design for medical linear accelerators.
(5) In the total population of 75 subjects, the skin albedo correlated significantly with skin resistance, a relationship which was not maintained when the total population was separated into its component subgroups of whites, blacks and Indians.
(6) We estimate that an optimized converter would produce even higher sensitivities as an albedo dosimeter in realistic radiation fields.
(7) The parameters selected were altitude, season, ozone content and albedo.
(8) Use of the Pigmentometer, a new device for measuring skin albedo: Relating skin color with a series of physiological measures.
(9) Combined with the ice-albedo feedback, this amplifies the region’s warming, and may affect circulation patterns like the jet stream , that can affect weather patterns in the lower 48 states and elsewhere.
(10) Multiple reflection of neutrons is also considered using the albedo concept in the calculation.
(11) Furthermore, when the incident fluence is known, the theory can be used in a non-linear, two-parameter fitting algorithm to determine the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of a turbid sample with an accuracy of 10-15% for transport albedos ranging from 0.42-0.88.
(12) The dose albedos for 60Co and 137Cs beams normally incident on concrete have been calculated and compared with experimentally determined values in the literature.
(13) The generated energy spectra are then used to calculate the albedo factors for 4-, 10-, and 18-MV bremsstrahlung x-ray beams normally incident on concrete, iron, and lead.
(14) It was observed that blacks had significantly lower (darker) skin albedo (PI), a significantly higher skin resistance (SR) and amplitude of the galvanic skin response (GSR), and an insignificant higher basal heart rate (HR).
(15) Except at extremely high albedo, the experimental data and the Monte Carlo results agree well for the depth dependence of the fluence as a function of incident light beam diameter and optical absorption and scattering, and for the dependence of the diffuse reflectance on the albedo.
(16) A simple model, developed from the data obtained, made it possible to calculate relative irradiance as a function of the angle of inclination and the ground reflection (UV albedo).
(17) The number albedo decreases with increase in the atomic number of the reflecting medium.
(18) The albedo effect is related to a surface's reflecting power – whiter sea ice reflects more of the sun's heat back into space than darker seawater, which absorbs the sun's heat and gets warmer.
(19) Albedo changes Painting roofs and roads white , covering deserts in reflective plastic sheeting, dropping pale-coloured litter into the ocean and genetically engineering crops to be paler have all been proposed to reflect sunlight back into space .
(20) Climate models show that the reduction is related to the man-made global warming, which, due to the albedo effect, is particularly pronounced in the Arctic," he said.
Citrus
Definition:
(n.) A genus of trees including the orange, lemon, citron, etc., originally natives of southern Asia.
Example Sentences:
(1) Adult Persian lime trees grafted on Citrus macrophylla and C. volkameriana were used, planted on a groundwater-affected red ferrilytic soil in the La Habana Province.
(2) However, even if you prefer Marmite to marmalade on your toast, citrus peel is a powerful tool in the kitchen, especially at this time of year, when bright, fresh flavours are at a premium.
(3) Calculations were based on the contamination of 2310 specimens of citrus fruits, pitted and seedy fruits and vegetables collected in the 1985-86 and 1989 campaigns.
(4) It is not so much a problem affecting a specific cultivation, but rather a conflict of food security.” Citrus crops have already been hit by the heat this year, with production of some types of mandarins and clementines forecast to be down by as much as 25%.
(5) The kind of inhibition on kiwi pectin methylesterase was found to be competitive with an apparent Ki of 0.22 microM, using citrus pectin as a substrate.
(6) In contrast to the eight cows that developed the syndrome only one out of 68 heifers which were fed larger quantities of citrus pulp for 10 days developed mild signs of the syndrome and then recovered, suggesting that older animals may be more susceptible.
(7) When sharpened with citrus and lubricated with olive oil, this is a real delight.
(8) The zesty, citrus whiff of oranges freshens up the January kitchen, drawing a line under heavy celebratory food, and lighting up the virtuous, but enticing path to a lighter, healthier diet.
(9) Flavonoids in immature citrus fruit decomposed gradually by standing after divided horizontally in two parts.
(10) Despite its rich, earthy, nutty flavour, the taste is very delicate, and thus pairs really well with a sharp citrus reduction.
(11) The recent trends in the possible use of irradiation as an alternative treatment to chemical fumigants for disinfestation of citrus and avocados and the prospects for the future application of irradiation for preservation of some of these fruits are outlined.
(12) PVP was prepared from dry citrus (lemon, orange) peels by special technology.
(13) Heidi was nauseous, slept all day and started craving citrus fruits and salty things.
(14) The effect of grapefruit pectin (Citrus paradisi) on plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the low-density lipoprotein:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio was studied.
(15) The antioxidative activities of twenty types of citrus fruits were investigated with a screening method which is based on rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
(16) In Czapek medium containing citrus pectin, pectin lyase (PL; EC 4.2.2.10) was produced faster and at higher amounts than in a medium containing NaPP as the sole carbon source.
(17) Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga, Andrographis paniculata, bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, rind of Citrus decumana, Desmodium triflorum, seeds of Hydnocarpus wightiana, rhizomes of Kaempfaria galanga, Lippia nodiflora, tender leaves of Morinda citrifolia, rhizomes of Pollia serzogonian, Tephrosia purpuria and rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbeth showed good in vitro anthelmintic activity against human Ascaris lumbricoides.
(18) of a liquid meal containing 20 g citrus pectin, 35.0 g sucrose and 100 mg phenol red made up to 1 l. was introduced.
(19) The quantitative analysis of eight kinds of methoxylated flavonoids in Citrus iyo Hort.
(20) Designations which can be used to describe distinct viroids within the four groups include (i) CEVd-g, a grapevine isolate of citrus exocortis viroid, (ii) GVd-c, a grapevine viroid recovered from cucumber, and AGVd, Australian grapevine viroid, (iii) GYSVd-1 and GYSVd-2, two viroids inducing yellow speckle disease and (iv) HSVd-g, a grapevine isolate of hop stunt viroid.