(n.) Whiteness. Specifically: (Astron.) The ratio which the light reflected from an unpolished surface bears to the total light falling upon that surface.
Example Sentences:
(1) I describe concentrations of reflected solar radiation (albedo) found at the usual sites of various conditions associated with exposure to the sun--pterygium, pinguecula, climatic droplet keratopathy and cataract and eyelid malignancy.
(2) This proposed dosimeter (a combination of Harshaw beta-gamma thermoluminescence dosimeter and albedo neutron thermoluminescence dosimeter) has an advantage of using a minimum number of thermoluminescence dosimeter elements (therefore, making it less costly) to measure the dose equivalents in a mixed field of neutron, photon, and beta radiation.
(3) This, together with the effective attenuation coefficient, permits indirect experimental determination of both the albedo and the anisotropy factor (g) of the scattering function.
(4) The calculated energy spectra can be used in other problems and the albedo factors can be applied in practical shielding design for medical linear accelerators.
(5) In the total population of 75 subjects, the skin albedo correlated significantly with skin resistance, a relationship which was not maintained when the total population was separated into its component subgroups of whites, blacks and Indians.
(6) We estimate that an optimized converter would produce even higher sensitivities as an albedo dosimeter in realistic radiation fields.
(7) The parameters selected were altitude, season, ozone content and albedo.
(8) Use of the Pigmentometer, a new device for measuring skin albedo: Relating skin color with a series of physiological measures.
(9) Combined with the ice-albedo feedback, this amplifies the region’s warming, and may affect circulation patterns like the jet stream , that can affect weather patterns in the lower 48 states and elsewhere.
(10) Multiple reflection of neutrons is also considered using the albedo concept in the calculation.
(11) Furthermore, when the incident fluence is known, the theory can be used in a non-linear, two-parameter fitting algorithm to determine the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of a turbid sample with an accuracy of 10-15% for transport albedos ranging from 0.42-0.88.
(12) The dose albedos for 60Co and 137Cs beams normally incident on concrete have been calculated and compared with experimentally determined values in the literature.
(13) The generated energy spectra are then used to calculate the albedo factors for 4-, 10-, and 18-MV bremsstrahlung x-ray beams normally incident on concrete, iron, and lead.
(14) It was observed that blacks had significantly lower (darker) skin albedo (PI), a significantly higher skin resistance (SR) and amplitude of the galvanic skin response (GSR), and an insignificant higher basal heart rate (HR).
(15) Except at extremely high albedo, the experimental data and the Monte Carlo results agree well for the depth dependence of the fluence as a function of incident light beam diameter and optical absorption and scattering, and for the dependence of the diffuse reflectance on the albedo.
(16) A simple model, developed from the data obtained, made it possible to calculate relative irradiance as a function of the angle of inclination and the ground reflection (UV albedo).
(17) The number albedo decreases with increase in the atomic number of the reflecting medium.
(18) The albedo effect is related to a surface's reflecting power – whiter sea ice reflects more of the sun's heat back into space than darker seawater, which absorbs the sun's heat and gets warmer.
(19) Albedo changes Painting roofs and roads white , covering deserts in reflective plastic sheeting, dropping pale-coloured litter into the ocean and genetically engineering crops to be paler have all been proposed to reflect sunlight back into space .
(20) Climate models show that the reduction is related to the man-made global warming, which, due to the albedo effect, is particularly pronounced in the Arctic," he said.
Fraction
Definition:
(n.) The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially by violence.
(n.) A portion; a fragment.
(n.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a unit or magnitude.
(v. t.) To separate by means of, or to subject to, fractional distillation or crystallization; to fractionate; -- frequently used with out; as, to fraction out a certain grade of oil from pretroleum.
Example Sentences:
(1) The fraction of the viral dose which became cell associated was independent of the incubation temperature and increased with increasing target membrane concentration.
(2) We similarly evaluated the ability of other phospholipids to form stable foam at various concentrations and ethanol volume fractions and found: bovine brain sphingomyelin greater than dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine greater than egg sphingomyelin greater than egg lecithin greater than phosphatidylglycerol.
(3) As far as acrophase table is concerned for all enzymes and fractions the acrophase occurred during the night.
(4) The half-life of 45Ca in the various calcium fractions of both types of bone was 72 hours in both the control and malnourished groups except the calcium complex portion of the long bone of the control group, which was about 100 hours.
(5) Gel filtration of the 40,000 rpm supernatant fraction of a homogenate of rat cerebral cortex on a Sepharose 6B column yielded two fractions: fraction II with the "Ca(2+) plus Mg(2+)-dependent" phosphodiesterase activity and fraction III containing its modulator.
(6) Using the oocyte system to express size-fractionated mRNA, we have also determined that the mRNA coding for this protein is between 1.9-2.4 kilobases in length.
(7) It is possible that the high level of radiolabeled phospholipid found in the plasma membrane arose via the de novo pathway following the cleavage of an acyl group as we have found cytidine diphosphocholine phosphotransferase in the plasma membrane fraction (Wang, P., DeChatelet, L.R., and Waite, M. (1977) Biochim.
(8) Their effects on various lipid fractions, viz., triglycerides (TG), phospholipids, free cholesterol, and esterified cholesterol, were studied in liver, plasma, gonads, and muscle.
(9) The cis isomer was retained longer in liver, particularly in mitochondria, but had low retention in that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum isolated as the rough membrane fraction.
(10) However, about one-third of the melanomas showed a higher surviving fraction at 2.0 Gy than the highest value measured for the other tumors.
(11) Further subfractionation disclosed that the acetyltransferase activity was most enriched in the Golgi fraction, in which its specific activity was some ninefold greater than in the total homogenate.
(12) This observation not only provides definitive evidence for the photogeneration of O2-, but also indicates that only a fraction of this species is transformed into H2O2 in the absence of SOD.
(13) The highest antishock effect of dopamine is reached when cardiac output fraction addressed to thoracic region vitals is supported by dopamine on the 43-45% level.
(14) However, ejection fraction or VCF were higher in patients with a reduction of compliance than in patients with an increase of compliance.
(15) Eight other children (20%) had normal or borderline elevation of CPK-MB fraction and EKG abnormalities combined with abnormal echocardiograms or radionuclide angiograms, and were considered to have sustained cardiac concussion.
(16) Thus there may be four types of LPS in PACI: one contains unsubstituted core polysaccharide and yields L2 on acid hydrolysis, another has short antigenic side-chains of the SR type and yields the LI fraction, while the two high molecular weight fractions are derived from core polysaccharides with different side-chains.
(17) ACh released from the vesicular fraction was about 100-fold more than could be accounted for by miniature end-plate potentials; possible causes of this overestimate are discussed.
(18) P2 is a cytoplasmic protein, while P1 largely fractionates with the membrane.
(19) In vitro studies showed that BOF-A2 was rapidly degraded to EM-FU and CNDP in homogenates of the liver and small intestine of mice and rats, and in sera of mice, rats and human, and the conversion of EM-FU to 5-FU occurred only in the microsomal fraction of rat liver in the presence of NADPH.
(20) Many examples are given to demonstrate the applications of these programs, and special emphasis has been laid on the problem of treating a point in tissue with different doses per fraction on alternate treatment days.