(n.) An albuminoid substance which occurs in minute grains ("protein granules") in maturing seeds and tubers; -- supposed to be a modification of protoplasm.
Example Sentences:
(1) Water stress inhibits the gibberellic acid (GA(3))-induced synthesis of alpha-amylase in aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
(2) Northern blot analyses indicated that related transcripts are present in aleurones, coleoptiles, endosperms, internodes, leaves, ovules, roots and root tips, with highest levels of expression in the aleurones and endosperms.
(3) We show that P is required for accumulation in the pericarp of transcripts of two genes (A1 and C2) encoding enzymes for flavonoid biosynthesis--genes also regulated by C1 in the aleurone.
(4) We anticipate that perception of GA by aleurone cells involves an interaction between the ligand and specific receptors and that this event leads to the observed stimulation in transcription of alpha-amylase, and probably other, aleurone genes.
(5) In the aleurone cells, the cytoplasm and the outer portion of the wall are autofluorescent; tannic acid-ferric chloride stains the outer portion of the wall and allows to see clearly the inner thickenings, DAPI and haematoxylin demonstrate the presence of the nucleus.
(6) Polyadenylated mRNA was purified from the aleurone cells of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar) seeds germinated for 18 h and used for the construction of a cDNA library.
(7) DNA mobility-shift during electrophoresis indicated that a 500-base-pair sequence (HS500) of a rice alpha-amylase genomic clone (OSamy-a) specifically interacted with a factor from gibberellin-induced rice aleurone tissue.
(8) After 4-6 h of treatment, GA3 induced a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i from 50 to 150 nM in aleurone protoplasts.
(9) VFA concentrations in hepatic portal venous plasma were proportional to caecal concentrations with very high (greater than 3 mM) values being recorded in the aleurone group.
(10) AMY1-1-AMY1-4 are indistinguishable from malt AMY1 with respect to Ca(2+)-, substrate-, and beta-cyclodextrin-binding as well as recognition by three monoclonal antibodies and limited proteolysis by proteinase K. Transient AMY1 precursors present in barley aleurone protoplasts were trapped by addition of serine carboxypeptidase inhibitors, indicating that endogenous carboxypeptidase participates in the maturation of AMY1 during germination.
(11) In transient expression assays using barley aleurone protoplasts and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase as reporter the promoter of the isoenzyme I gene showed no response to GA3.
(12) Messenger RNAs encoding low- and high-pI alpha-amylase isozymes were detectable in both the embryo and aleurone and accumulated at different rates in each tissue.
(13) An earlier report (Baulcombe, D. C., and Buffard, D. (1983) Planta 157, 493-501) described the isolation of cDNA clones from mRNAs which are produced in increased amounts when aleurone layers of wheat are treated with gibberellic acid.
(14) Hormone binding assays with aleurone have not revealed a candidate receptor, and the only aspect of signal transduction that is becoming understood is the likely interaction between specific trans-acting factors and cis-elements in the GA-regulation of alpha-amylase gene transcription.
(15) The endonuclease activity of the aleurone tissue incubated with gibberellic acid is higher than the level of this endonuclease in tissue treated with abscisic acid or water alone.
(16) Water stress does not cause a marked decrease in the total RNA level of aleurone cells.
(17) The type A mRNAs are present in relatively large amounts in unstimulated aleurone cells and increase about 20-fold after stimulation with gibberellic acid.
(18) This ranking probably reflected the ease of fermentation of fibre polysaccharides by colonic bacteria which also resulted in a considerably higher faecal bacterial mass in the aleurone group.
(19) The addition of gibberellic acid to isolated aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) causes the production and secretion of four alpha-amylases.
(20) We have determined the nucleotide sequences of Amy32b, a type A alpha-amylase gene, and of the gene for aleurain, a thiol protease closely related to mammalian cathepsin H. Both are expressed in barley aleurone cells under control of the plant hormones gibberellic acid and abscisic acid, but only aleurain is expressed at high levels in other barley tissues.
Perisperm
Definition:
(n.) The albumen of a seed, especially that portion which is formed outside of the embryo sac.
Example Sentences:
(1) The nutritional value of raw and autoclaved grain amaranth, its milling fractions (perisperm and bran), fat-free flour, and of popped amaranth was evaluated for growing chickens.
(2) Test diets contained about the same AME and CP levels, and the following levels of the test samples: whole grain amaranth flour, 61.46%; fat-free flour, 62.10%; perisperm, 49.50%; bran, 35.30%; and popped amaranth, 61.10%.
(3) Autoclaved grain amaranth and its perisperm fraction replaced corn in the diets of growing chickens with similar performance results.