(n.) A resemblance of relations; an agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different. Thus, learning enlightens the mind, because it is to the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden.
(n.) A relation or correspondence in function, between organs or parts which are decidedly different.
(n.) Proportion; equality of ratios.
(n.) Conformity of words to the genius, structure, or general rules of a language; similarity of origin, inflection, or principle of pronunciation, and the like, as opposed to anomaly.
Example Sentences:
(1) First results let us assume that clinically silent TIAs also (in analogy to clinically silent brain infarctions) could be detected and located.
(2) These studies led to the following conclusions: (a) all the prominent NHP which remain bound to DNA are also present in somewhat similar proportions in the saline-EDTA, Tris, and 0.35 M NaCl washes of nuclei; (b) a protein comigrating with actin is prominent in the first saline-EDTA wash of nuclei, but present as only a minor band in the subsequent washes and on washed chromatin; (c) the presence of nuclear matrix proteins in all the nuclear washes and cytosol indicates that these proteins are distributed throughout the cell; (d) a histone-binding protein (J2) analogous to the HMG1 protein of K. V. Shooter, G.H.
(3) Photoirradiation of F1 in the presence of the analog leads to inactivation depending linearly on the incorporation of label.
(4) These effects are similar to those reported for AVP and phorbol esters, activators of protein kinase C. Forskolin and isoproterenol, which induce cAMP accumulation, activated extractable topoisomerase II (maximum 5-15 min after treatment), but not topoisomerase I. Permeable cyclic nucleotide analogs dBcAMP and 8BrcGMP selectively activated extractable topoisomerase II and topoisomerase I activities, respectively.
(5) The specific limited trypsinolysis of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (T7RP) was performed in the presence of various components of the polymerase reaction and some GTP-analogs--irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme.
(6) These data indicate that CSF levels are not inversely related to the blood neutrophil count in chronic idiopathic neutropenia and suggest that CSF is not a hormone regulating the blood neutrophil count in a manner analogous to the erythropoietin regulation of circulating erythrocyte levels.
(7) This report is an overview of the data and has incorporated some additional findings of the influence of the ACTH4-9 analog, Org2766, on neuronal excitation, especially in the hippocampus.
(8) It is concluded that fibroblast replication is an important mechanism leading to the pathologic fibrosis seen in graft versus host disease and, by analogy, probably other types of immunologically mediated fibrosis.
(9) Chemotherapy and SMS-analogs can provide long-term palliation.
(10) In the absence of guanine nucleotides, or in the presence of a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog, only one round of ribosome binding occurs.
(11) We found that whereas idarubicin was 2-5 times more potent than the other three anthracycline analogs against these tumor cell lines, idarubicinol was 16-122 times more active than the other alcohol metabolites against the same three cell lines.
(12) The changes in muscle activity had the same pattern and similar phase-frequency properties to those observed under analogous vestibular stimulation during the maintenance of steady posture.
(13) Reconstituted freeze dried allogeneic skin grafts contained virtually no blood, a phenomenon possibly analogous to the 'no reflow' phenomenon of microsurgery.
(14) A comparative evaluation of these data suggest that hormone independent cells are present in the cervical crypts of late menopause women and that a cyclic change of hormone dependent cells may occur in fertile women, analogous to the cyclic changes of endometrial mucosa.
(15) A hybrid analog cecropin A-(1-11) D-(12-37) was designed and predicted to have enhanced potency.
(16) A new analog of salmon calcitonin (N alpha-propionyl Di-Ala1,7,des-Leu19 sCT; RG-12851; here termed CTR), which lacks the ring structure of native calcitonin, was tested for biological activity in several in vitro and in vivo assay systems.
(17) Several derivatives and analogs of the recently reported antiproliferative and antitumor agent trans-bis(salicylaldoximato)copper(II) (CuSAO2) have been prepared and tested for antiproliferative activity against L1210 leukemia cells in vitro.
(18) The analogy with infant sleep patterns and results of studies of brain function in narcoleptics suggest that forebrain inhibitory processes are more important in narcoleptic symptomology than is brainstem dysfunction.
(19) Such agents may permit the synthesis of additional analogs in an effort to obtain optimal affinity in the Tc-99m complexes.
(20) We found that 1) polyclonal antibodies raised against epithelial Na+ channel proteins from bovine kidney cross-react with a 135-kDa protein in ATII membrane vesicles on Western blots; 2) using the photoreactive amiloride analog, 2'-methoxy-5'-nitrobenzamil (NMBA), in combination with anti-amiloride antibodies, we found that NMBA specifically labeled the same M(r) protein; and 3) monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies directed against anti-amiloride antibodies also recognized this same M(r) protein on Western blots.
Homoplasy
Definition:
(n.) See Homogeny.
Example Sentences:
(1) Although the distribution of enamel prism packing patterns among primates suggests considerable homoplasy of this character, this feature does have considerable taxonomic interest at certain hierarchical levels in Primates.
(2) Homoplasy is as prevalent at the few variable sites of conserved regions (18E, 18J, 28F) as at the many variable sites of a more rapidly evolving region (28B).
(3) The pattern with considerable overlap, found in the three classes of amniotes, should be considered an independent development from the same primitive character and should, therefore, be defined as an example of parallel homoplasy.
(4) Further data are needed to decide whether the cell groups in Platyrhinoidis are homologous or homoplasious to their counterparts in land vertebrates.
(5) Cladograms consistently recovered accepted higher level relationships (monophyly of Lepidoptera), despite high homoplasy, but were unable to resolve superfamily and family relationships within Lepidoptera, regardless of the outgroup or character subset analyzed.
(6) Cladistic analyses indicate that the variation in presence of anterior ventral glands is due to homoplasy.
(7) Assignment of observed base substitutions occurring in various branches of the tree reveals an excess of would-be homoplasies in a centrally localized 1.8-kb segment containing the s15 gene.
(8) Matrices of delta Tm's, delta modes, and delta T50Hs were generated and corrected for nonreciprocity, homoplasy, and, in the case of delta Tm's, normalized percent hybridization; these matrices were analyzed using the FITCH algorithm in Felsenstein's PHYLIP (version 3.1).
(9) LeQuesne testing can give information about niche homoplasy, and it may also be possible to see if morphological features are functionally associated with ecological parameters, even if the direction of change is unknown.
(10) Further we offer an approach to structural analysis that demonstrates and quantitates the degree of homoplasy in particular positions of a protein.
(11) Of the many possible hypothetical relationships, the most parsimonious tree showed three homoplasies and allowed the genus Gerbillurus to be paraphyletic.
(12) The alternative trees, depicting larger number of homoplasies but with homoplasies restricted to fusion or fission events, were compatible with the morphological data in supporting the monophyly of Gerbillurus.
(13) Homoplasy, in particular, is a difficulty faced by all methods of phylogenetic inference.
(14) The main primary reasons for untrue or inexplicit morphological phylogenies are: not enough characters developed between branching points, uncertain character polarity, poorly differentiated character states, homoplasy caused by parallelism or reversal, and extinction, which may remove species entirely from consideration and can make originally conflicting data sets misleadingly compatible, increasing congruence at the expense of truth.
(15) The demonstration of extensive homoplasy in a malaria gene raises questions about the validity of familial relationships established among parasites with polymorphic markers.
(16) These include 1) the uncritical assumption of parsimony, 2) uncertainties in the identification of homoplasies, 3) difficulties in the appropriate delimitation of samples for analysis, 4) failure to account for normal patterns of variation, 5) methodological problems with the appropriate identification of morphological traits involving issues of biological relevance, intercorrelation, primary versus secondary characters, and the use of continuous variables, 6) issues of polarity identification, and 7) problems in hypothesis testing.
(17) Further, paleobiogeographic data support the DNA tree rather than the morphological tree, and a plausible heterochronic mechanism has been proposed that may account for the homoplasious morphological evolution that must have occurred if the DNA tree is correct.
(18) An analysis of expected and observed homoplasy revealed that the number of sequence changes uniquely shared by human and chimpanzee lineages is too large to be attributed to homoplasy.
(19) Furthermore, a critical analysis of potential sources of homoplasy (i.e., parallel evolution) reaffirms a Homo-Pan monophyletic clade (Miyamoto et al., 1987).
(20) We suggest that homoplasy at particular positions could mark a site of biological pressure on the parasite where interaction of the site with factors in the environment affects the success of the parasite population.