What's the difference between anaplerotic and granulation?
Anaplerotic
Definition:
(a.) Filling up; promoting granulation of wounds or ulcers.
(n.) A remedy which promotes such granulation.
Example Sentences:
(1) 212, 58-62) for measuring the relative flux of molecules through the oxidative versus anaplerotic pathways involving the citric acid cycle of the rat heart has been extended to include a complete analysis of the entire glutamate 13C spectrum.
(2) In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pyruvate carboxylase [EC 6.4.1.1] has an important anaplerotic role in the production of oxaloacetate from pyruvate.
(3) The net alanine formation in ischemia was approximately a stoichiometric glutamate decrease; the increase in the tissue malate content corresponded to the aspartate----oxaloacetate----malate anaplerotic flux, the succinate production being commensurable to alpha-ketoglutaric acid formation in the alanine aminotransferase reaction.
(4) These findings suggest an anaplerotic role for the enzyme and an allosteric modulation of its activity by acetyl CoA and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.
(5) The results indicate that glutamate metabolism offers considerable anaplerotic potentials following impaired energy state after 6-AN treatment.
(6) During growth of Escherichia coli on acetate, isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) is partially inactivated by phosphorylation and is thus rendered rate-limiting in the Krebs cycle so that the intracellular concentration of isocitrate rises which, in turn, permits an increased flux of carbon through the anaplerotic sequence of the glyoxylate bypass.
(7) Because acetylglutamate is regenerated as ornithine is formed, the enzyme has only a catalytic or anaplerotic role in the pathway, maintaining "bound" acetyl groups during growth.
(8) When cells were grown on glucose the anaplerotic function was probably fulfilled by pyruvate carboxylase, although phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was also present.
(9) The reaction may be considered as an anaplerotic sequence.
(10) Although still simple in practice, this more sophisticated model allows an evaluation of 13C fractional enrichment of molecules entering both the oxidative and anaplerotic pathways under steady-state conditions.
(11) Two different assays show that the mutant phenotype is due to a deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), an important anaplerotic enzyme.
(12) The model indicated that the glycolytic flux is partitioned one-third to pyruvate and two-thirds to oxalacetate and is therefore mainly anaplerotic.
(13) And finally, during exercise and recovery, amino acids likely play important anaplerotic functions sustaining the whole metabolic apparatus.
(14) The properties of this mutant confirm the anaplerotic role of this enzyme in the utilization for growth of compounds like glucose and lactate which are catabolized via pyruvate.
(15) In each case, the amount of [2-13C]acetate being oxidized and the relative carbon flux through anaplerotic versus oxidative pathways are evaluated.
(16) Mathematical models of the TCA cycle derived previously for 14C tracer studies have been extended to 13C NMR to measure the 13C fractional enrichment of [2-13C]acetyl-CoA entering the cycle and the relative activities of the oxidative versus anaplerotic pathways.
(17) The genes that code for isobutyrate and essential anaplerotic and amphibolic metabolism are chromosomal.
(18) The increase in malate in ischemic myocardium corresponded to the anaplerotic flux aspartate----oxaloacetate----malate; the succinate production being commensurable to alpha-ketoglutarate formation in the alanine aminotransferase reaction.
(19) The replenishment of TCA intermediates could, in theory, occur by several anaplerotic reactions, mainly those catalysed by pyruvate-carboxylase and malic enzyme.
(20) The foregoing evidence indicates that malate synthase G plays an anaplerotic role during growth with glycolate or acetate as the carbon source.
Granulation
Definition:
(n.) The act or process of forming or crystallizing into grains; as, the granulation of powder and sugar.
(n.) The state of being granulated.
(n.) One of the small, red, grainlike prominences which form on a raw surface (that of wounds or ulcers), and are the efficient agents in the process of healing.
(n.) The act or process of the formation of such prominences.
Example Sentences:
(1) The patterns observed were: clusters of granules related to the cell membrane; positive staining localized to portions of the cell membrane, and, less commonly, the whole cell circumference.
(2) The extrusion of granules into the intercellular space via exocytosis is frequently observed.
(3) We have previously shown that serotonin is present in secretory granules of frog adrenochromaffin cells; concurrently, we have demonstrated that serotonin is a potent stimulator of corticosterone and aldosterone secretion by adrenocortical cells.
(4) Finally, it could be observed that elevated osmotic pressures reduced the lysis of isolated secretory granules when bicarbonate ions were present in the incubation medium.
(5) In addition, transitional macrophages with both positive granules and positive RER, nuclear envelope, negative Golgi apparatus (as in exudate- resident macrophages in vivo), and mature macrophages with peroxidatic activity only in the RER and nuclear envelope (as in resident macrophages in vivo) were found.
(6) They had no endocrine-like granules and were not associated with nerves or basement membranes.
(7) Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed histamine-immunostaining in granules in a small number of nerve fibers and varicosities.
(8) Results of detailed studies on tissue reactions to Cysticercus bovis in the heart of cattle, together with a comparison of findings in animals with spontaneous and experimental infection, and an evaluation of tissue reactions in relation to the location, morphology and morphogenesis of C. bovis provided evidence for the fact that in general, the response of the heart to the presence of C. bovis was an inflammatory reaction characterized by the origin of a pseudoepithelial border and a zone of granulation tissue.
(9) The presence of a previously unreported dipeptide transport mechanism within blood leukocytes and the selective enrichment of the granule enzyme, DPPI, within cytotoxic effector cells of lymphoid or myeloid lineage appear to afford a unique mechanism for the targeting of immunotherapeutic reagents composed of simple dipeptide esters or amides.
(10) The volume density of glycogen granules in hepatocytes was highest 4 hr after the secretory granules of B cells showed the lowest value.
(11) A new technique to obliterate the mastoid volume or to reduce an old cavity by means of hydroxyapatite granulate is presented.
(12) The data suggest that proinsulin, normally processed in secretory granules and released via the regulated pathway, may also be processed, albeit less efficiently, by the constitutive pathway conversion machinery.
(13) In telecost fishes, the corpuscles of Stannius contain Bowie-stainable granules and a renin-like pressor substance.
(14) Electron microscopy revealed a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, an enlarged Golgi apparatus and many highly electron-dense secretory granules resembling those of Clara cells.
(15) The study confirms that secretin influences pancreatic protein secretion and indicates in addition, that pharmacologic doses of the hormone, have the capacity to block acinar cell zymogen granule release.
(16) Immunoreactions of LTR which were seen in specific granules of neutrophils and monocytes attached to the endothelial cell surface may indicate the onset of endothelial cell damage.
(17) The capacity of granule-cell networks to separate overlapping patterns of activity on their inputs is adequate, with spatial variability in the secretion at synapses, but is improved if there is also temporal variability in the stochastic secretion at individual synapses, although this is at the expense of reliability in the network.
(18) These results suggest that bPAG is probably synthesized by trophoblast binucleate cells and stored in granules prior to delivery into the maternal circulation after cell migration.
(19) CAM, especially CD11c, were also detected in cytoplasmic granules by immunostaining in IL2-activated NK cells.
(20) The outstanding morphologic feature of cortical cells exposed to microunit ACTH concentrations for 40 min was the abundance of electron-dense granules (0.2-0.4 mum).