(n.) One from whom a person is descended, whether on the father's or mother's side, at any distance of time; a progenitor; a fore father.
(n.) An earlier type; a progenitor; as, this fossil animal is regarded as the ancestor of the horse.
(n.) One from whom an estate has descended; -- the correlative of heir.
Example Sentences:
(1) The high frequency of increased PCV number in San, S.A. Negroes and American Negroes is in keeping with the view that the Khoisan peoples (here represented by the San), the Southern African Negroes and the African ancestors of American Blacks sprang from a common proto-negriform stock.
(2) The 500-bp element arose by duplication of one half of a 180-bp ancestor and insertion of a foreign segment between the two duplicated parts followed by amplification.
(3) The five offspring are ancestors of all known carriers.
(4) They are related as fourth cousins once-removed and fifth cousins in multiple ways through the six nearest common ancestors of all four parents.
(5) An analysis of 54 protein sequences from humans and rodents (mice or rats), with the chicken as an outgroup, indicates that, from the common ancestor of primates and rodents, 35 of the proteins have evolved faster in the lineage to mouse or rat (rodent lineage) whereas only 12 proteins have evolved faster in the lineage to humans (human lineage).
(6) Writing in the journal Nature , the researchers describe how our ancestors lost another piece of DNA that gives rise to both facial whiskers and sensitive spines on the tip of the penis, both of which are found in chimpanzees and other non-human primates.
(7) With the use of the chimpanzee and human sequences to calibrate the rate of mtDNA evolution, the age of the common human mtDNA ancestor is placed between 166,000 and 249,000 years.
(8) The functional and phyletic significance of this material reveals a complex pattern of behavioral and phyletic diversity among large-bodied catarrhines in Europe and suggests that this diversity evolved in situ from circum-Mediterranean middle Miocene ancestors.
(9) Regressions of descendant net revenue on ancestor net revenue were predominantly negative but generally were not significant.
(10) This finding also suggests that the Hex, Mut, and PMS systems evolved from a common ancestor and that functionally similar mismatch repair systems could be widespread among procaryotic as well as eucaryotic organisms.
(11) -In several cases, second or third generation descendents of 3T3 cells were observed to repeat track patterns of their ancestor cell.
(12) Within the family, EIAV, HTLV-III, and visna appear to be equally divergent from a common evolutionary ancestor.
(13) We deduce that in ubiquitin genes, concerted evolution involves both unequal crossover and gene conversion, and that the average time since two repeated units within the polyubiquitin locus most recently shared a common ancestor is approximately 38 million years (Myr) in mammals, but perhaps only 11 Myr in Drosophila.
(14) During this evolution the interior of the core blocks evolved as a homogeneous repetitive structure, while ancestor repeat units remained as sequence relicts in the terminal parts.
(15) The divergence of a common ancestor protein into PF4 and gamma IP-10 may have accompanied the development of sophisticated immune and coagulation systems in vertebrates.
(16) Analysis of different Mus subspecies indicates that TLev1 integrated into a common ancestor of the species Mus musculus.
(17) In order to assess the possibility that such proteins may have arisen through processes of divergent evolution from a common ancestor, a graphical presentation is given which correlates the pattern of allowed single base substitutions defined by the genetic code with the associated changes in the structural properties of the encoded amino acids.
(18) In an attempt to reconstruct the universal ancestor of all present-day tubulin genes the intron positions in 38 different alpha- and beta-tubulin genes from plants, animals, fungi and protozoa were compared.
(19) This raises the possibility of two lines of descent from a common ancestor.
(20) Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these four main virus groups might have diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time, long before the spread of AIDS in humans.
Protoplast
Definition:
(n.) The thing first formed; that of which there are subsequent copies or reproductions; the original.
(n.) A first-formed organized body; the first individual, or pair of individuals, of a species.
Example Sentences:
(1) 25% of the incorporated radioactivity in protoplast lysates and approx.
(2) We have isolated an auxin-regulated cDNA, parB, from the early stage of cultured tobacco mesophyll protoplasts.
(3) Several subcellular fractions were derived from OK-432 and only the cytoplasmic and protoplast membrane fractions showed cytotoxic activity against the OK-432-sensitive tumor cell lines, although the cytotoxicity obtained was greatly less than the whole microorganism OK-432.
(4) The pH activity profile, cofactor requirements, and kinetic parameters of the endogenously activated chitin synthase were identical to those of the trypsin-activated enzyme in protoplast membranes.
(5) Osmotic gradient across the membrane of nonsonicated liposomes and rose petal protoplasts are shown to induce swelling.
(6) Unlike malate oxidation by osmotically shocked protoplasts, endogenous protoplast repiration was resistant to ferricianide 5.10(-4) M).
(7) The inhibition was also observed when cells were incubated with mercaptoethanol or when mercaptoethanol and DTT were used to prepare protoplasts.
(8) Regeneration of cells from protoplasts was monitored throughout the growth cycle and was most efficient when cells of either S. fradiae or S. griseofuscus were taken from the transition phase between the exponential and stationary growth phases.
(9) (2) Protoplast fusion analysis indicates that rosamicin-nonproducing characteristics of MR 217-AF2 and MR 217-AF3 strains induced by the acriflavine treatment is due to chromosomal mutation or rearrangement but not to loss of a plasmid.
(10) When electroporated into maize protoplasts from a suspension cell line not synthesizing anthocyanins, reporter genes with Bz2, Bz1, and A1 promoters are expressed only when both R and C1 expression plasmids are co-electroporated.
(11) In the presence of a suitable carbon source, whole cells and protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesized glycerol as a compatible organic solute in response to increased external osmotic pressure.
(12) Tobacco protoplasts were transformed with an expression construct containing a translational fusion between mature alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis and the signal peptide of the tobacco PR-S protein.
(13) The number of binding sites on bacilli and protoplasts is determined for each phage.
(14) In both the experiments there were detected cells in their majority with thinner walls, L-form-like structures, protoplasts and single conglomerates of the cells with thicker walls and anomalous division and the cells at the moment of lysis.
(15) Rate determinations were made with both, intact cells and with preparations containing secreted enzymes from protoplasts.
(16) The effects of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions on the efficiency of the plasmid transformation of lysozyme-treated Streptococcus lactis protoplasts were compared.
(17) Tnt1 has been isolated after its transposition into the nitrate reductase (NR) structural gene of tobacco, and transposition events have been detected through in vitro selection of spontaneous NR-deficient (NR-) mutant lines in cell cultures derived from tobacco mesophyll protoplasts.
(18) The effect of treatment of the protoplasts and cell membranes of C. albicans with polyenic entibiotics on formation of the ribosomal-membrane complex was studied in vitro.
(19) On the other hand, R medium without MgCl2 but with penicillin G supported development of L-form type colonies at high rate (13-15%) from the inoculated protoplasts.
(20) In comparison, in protoplasts a region upstream of the AC2 open reading frame was shown to have moderate promoter activity.