(n.) One who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; an opponent.
(n.) A muscle which acts in opposition to another; as a flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it.
(n.) A medicine which opposes the action of another medicine or of a poison when absorbed into the blood or tissues.
(a.) Antagonistic; opposing; counteracting; as, antagonist schools of philosophy.
Example Sentences:
(1) This death is also dependent on the presence of chloride and is prevented with the non-selective EAA antagonist, kynurenic acid, but is not prevented by QA.
(2) Microionophoretically applied excitatory amino acids induced firing of extracellularly recorded single units in a tissue slice preparation of the mouse cochlear nucleus, and the similarly applied antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (2APV) was demonstrated to be a selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist.
(3) Meanwhile the efficiency of muscarinic antagonists in inhibition of tremor reaction induced by arecoline administration is associated with interaction between the drugs and the M2-subtype.
(4) The anticonvulsant properties of the endogenous excitatory amino acid antagonist, kynurenic acid (KYA), were studied in prepubescent and adult rats using the amygdaloid kindling model of epilepsy.
(5) A novel bicyclic prostaglandin analogue, (1S)-[1 alpha,2 alpha(Z),3 alpha,4 alpha]-7-[3-[(hexylthio)methyl]-7- oxabicyclo [2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-heptenoic acid ((-)-10), and its cogeners were found to be potent antagonists at the TxA2 receptor.
(6) This difference was abolished by exposure of the slices to propranolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
(7) The TxA2 antagonistic effects of KW-3635 were compared with that of daltroban in PRP from various animals species.
(8) In experiments performed to determine whether PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis induced by TRH may have been caused by the elevation of [Ca2+]i, the following results were obtained: the effect of TRH to decrease the level of PtdIns(4,5)P2 was not reproduced by the calcium ionophore A23187 or by membrane depolarization with 50 mM K+; the calcium antagonist TMB-8 did not inhibit the TRH-induced decrease in PtdIns(4,5)P2; and, most importantly, inhibition by EGTA of the elevation of [Ca2+]i did not inhibit the TRH-induced decrease in PtdIns(4,5)P2.
(9) Similarly, 50 microM D-600, a Ca+2 channel antagonist, significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced basal and 5-HETE-induced PRL release.
(10) Selective removal of endothelium had no effect on BK-induced contraction or the action of the antagonists.
(11) The second experiments entailed use of the nonspecific opiate antagonist, naloxone, as well as the specific delta antagonist, ICI 154,129, against seizures induced by icv-administered morphine, morphiceptin, DADL, or DSLET.
(12) These antagonists reverse NMDA-mediated long term influence in these brain areas.
(13) This novel mechanism of receptor regulation, named transmodulation, should be distinguished from the reduction in total receptor number caused by the homologous ligand (downregulation) and from the change in affinity produced by the binding of agonists or antagonists to the same receptor site.
(14) Furthermore, the ability of a vasopressin antagonist to lower arterial pressure in NTS hypertensive rats was markedly attenuated by clonidine treatment.
(15) All of the serotonergic antagonists studied had additional effects on the response of the coronary artery to electrical stimulation or to norepinephrine.
(16) Their receptive fields comprise a temporally and spatially linear mechanism (center plus antagonistic surround) that responds to relatively low spatial frequency stimuli, and a temporally nonlinear mechanism, coextensive with the linear mechanism, that--though broad in extent--responds best to high spatial-frequency stimuli.
(17) The effects of low doses of dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium channel antagonists nimodipine, nifedipine, (-)-R-202-791, and amlodipine, the DHP calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644 were investigated on clonic convulsions to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in mice.
(18) Addition in the cultures of 4-deoxypyridoxine, a potent antagonist of vitamin B6 coenzymes, concurrently with the mitogen, inhibits the induction of serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
(19) These results suggest that prevention of xenograft rejection using PAF-antagonist in association with other methods should be further investigated.
(20) The high concentrations of gonadotropins present in immature female rats by the end of the second week of life were suppressed by treatment with an antagonist against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH-A; Org.
Invidious
Definition:
(a.) Envious; malignant.
(a.) Worthy of envy; desirable; enviable.
(a.) Likely to incur or produce ill will, or to provoke envy; hateful; as, invidious distinctions.
Example Sentences:
(1) Whether you view the self-employed as the silent victims of our invidious jobs market or emblems of a new spirit of entrepreneurialism spreading through society, what is beyond doubt is that the ranks of those working for themselves are swelling by the day.
(2) During the trial's closing arguments Donald's lawyer, Max Blecher, accused Shelly of an "unconscionable", "devious" and "invidious" scheme to strip him of the Clippers.
(3) Christine Blower of the National Union of Teachers said: "This is an invidious choice no head teacher or governor would want to make.
(4) The absence of a relationship between social class and political involvement for those individuals who confine their formal associational activity to age peers is explained by positing the existence of a generational community which insulates lower class older people from class related cross-pressures and invidious distinctions which depress political involvement in other contexts.
(5) People are placed in invidious situations, like Shtrum, cornered by Stalin.
(6) This puts schools in the invidious position of never being able to achieve what is demanded of them.
(7) If adopted, the bill will put British judges in the invidious position of adjudging certain civil claims under conditions in which one party will not be entitled to see the evidence on which the opposing party relies.
(8) This article examines the phenomenon of whistle-blowing and its antecedent dynamics, including invidious organizational tactics that are employed to silence patient advocates.
(9) "He knew that would be quite improper and invidious," said one source, but Brown made it clear he intended to become a transitional figure, and might be gone by the autumn.
(10) And that must mean leaving invidious comparisons like “Ulsterisation” to wither.
(11) So invidious are these IPPs, described as a "stain" on the criminal justice system by former justice secretary Ken Clarke, they were recently abolished.
(12) Eoin Mclennan-Murray, president of the PGA, described the sentences as a "blatant injustice", "as absolutely inhumane and unfair" and said: "Day in and day out, prison governors and their staff are placed in the invidious position of having to try and defend the indefensible."
(13) It would have been invidious to choose between them.
(14) Surely that puts the Booker judges in an invidious position.
(15) The debate can degenerate into an invidious competition over victimhood, over how many millions perished, over who suffered the most.
(16) The idea of [my ex-boyfriend] being the father of my child and having him in my life in the long term made me physically ill.” Lawyers for the mother and daughter will focus on the girl’s age and argue that “the blanket ban on abortion is particularly invidious when it comes to children who are unlikely to be able to access appropriate medical services without adult assistance.” The mother’s legal team is hoping to crowdfund the fees for the judicial review because she is not eligible for legal aid.
(17) "What an invidious situation to leave people in," he told Sky News.
(18) Andrew Jolley, a former school governor who has campaigned for greater transparency and funding for the free school meals policy, said: “Many schools now face an invidious choice: allow the education of their pupils to suffer, or comply with the new requirement to provide UIFSM.
(19) Shame is recognised by psychologists to be the most invidious social emotion.
(20) The job of delivering truthful opinions on somebody’s play, on this actor’s performance or that director’s production, is nearly always an invidious one.