(1) When electroporated into maize protoplasts from a suspension cell line not synthesizing anthocyanins, reporter genes with Bz2, Bz1, and A1 promoters are expressed only when both R and C1 expression plasmids are co-electroporated.
(2) The natural colorant area can be subdivided into anthocyanins, betalains, chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, Monascus, hemes, quinones, biliproteins, safflower, turmeric, and miscellaneous.
(3) The B locus in maize is required for the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments.
(4) The growth characteristics on various media of solid and liquid suspension cultures derived from the stem of the tea plant are described; chlorophyll and anthocyanin synthesis occurred in the light.
(5) Analysis of their expression patterns with respect to organ specificity, floral differentiation, and response to light suggests that these genes are not involved in controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis, unlike the characterized myb-related genes C1 and Pl from maize.
(6) The alanine analogue 1-aminoethylphosphinate [H3C-CH(NH2)-PO2H2] effectively inhibited anthocyanin synthesis in buckwheat hypocotyls and caused an increase in the concentrations of alanine and alanine-derived metabolites.
(7) Genetic studies in maize have identified several regulatory genes that control the tissue-specific synthesis of the purple anthocyanin pigments during development.
(8) The delila (del) gene regulates the pattern of red anthocyanin pigmentation in Antirrhinum majus plants.
(9) In the course of isolation anthocyanins, carmine, betanin, caramel and riboflavin are separated from synthetic dyes, as well as from one another, with the exception of first two, which are separated from one another by chromatography or distinguished by oxidation.
(10) The maize Bronze-2 (Bz2) gene, whose product acts late in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, has been cloned and its transcript has been mapped.
(11) There was a considerable difference in the inhibitory ability of different purified anthocyanins but all were selective for PST P. Several other phenolic food colorants were also found to be specific inhibitors of PST P, though less potent in their actions.
(12) The combined and polymerised anthocyanins generally remain present in regard-less of wine age.
(13) The results demonstrate the desirable effects of anthocyanins on quality.
(14) Chalcone synthase was purified to homogeneity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from cell suspension cultures of carrot in which anthocyanin synthesis was induced by transferring the cells from a medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D) to one lacking it.
(15) Between overall quality and the contents of total pigments, total anthocyanins, coloured anthocyanins and the tasters' mean colour scores; b. Flavour and the contents of total pigments and total anthocyanins.
(16) Four-point linkage data support the differentiation of c-p (in the alleles derived from either W22 or K55 inbreds) from c-n. Light and germination conditions are both required for anthocyanin synthesis in c-p tissue, but light "induction" and germination "induction" are two separable events inasmuch as the light stimulus can be stored.
(17) cDNA clones were isolated from tissue specific cDNA libraries of barley and maize using as a probe the cDNA of the maize gene C1, a regulator of anthocyanin gene expression.
(18) We also assayed the activity of CHS and another enzyme in the anthocyanin pathway, flavone 3-hydroxylase, in hypocotyl extracts of wild-type tomato and a number of anthocyanin-deficient mutants.
(19) The dominant I gene inhibits accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in epidermal cells of the soybean seed coat.
(20) Each of the three transformants, lines 16, 17 and 24, contained a fragment of a plasmid on which two genes were located, an npt-II gene which renders the plants resistant to kanamycin and the A1 gene from Zea mays, a visible marker gene that leads to the production of a brick red anthocyanin pigment in the flowers.
Pigment
Definition:
(n.) Any material from which a dye, a paint, or the like, may be prepared; particularly, the refined and purified coloring matter ready for mixing with an appropriate vehicle.
(n.) Any one of the colored substances found in animal and vegetable tissues and fluids, as bilirubin, urobilin, chlorophyll, etc.
(n.) Wine flavored with species and honey.
Example Sentences:
(1) The results also suggest that the dispersed condition of pigment in the melanophores represents the "resting state" of the melanophores when they are under no stimulation.
(2) Differences between the albino vs pigmented strains were observed following injections of saline.
(3) Two lectins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA), were used to compare domains within the interphotoreceptor matrices (IPM) of the cat and monkey, two species where the morphological relationship between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors is distinctly different.
(4) Uptake studies with 22Na were performed in cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells, in order to characterize mechanisms of Na+ transport.
(5) CW Nd:YAG light transmitted by fiber optic cable and sapphire crystal was applied transsclerally to the ciliary body of pigmented and albino rabbits.
(6) The evolution and function of multiple forms of a given photosynthetic pigment in vivo are discussed.
(7) Changes in protein phosphorylation induced by phagocytic challenge were identified in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) following exposure to isolated rat rod outer segments (ROS) or to polystyrene latex microspheres (PSL).
(8) Both categories frequently showed pellagrous pigmentation and mucocutaneous signs of B-vitamin deficiency.
(9) We show that, in digitonin-permeabilized goldfish xanthophores, the pigment organelles can be induced to disperse by a combination of cAMP, ATP, and xanthophore cytosol.
(10) A red pigment produced by the actinomycete strain B 4358 was identified as butyl-meta-cycloheptylprodiginine (4) by 1H, 13C and correlation via long range coupling NMR spectra.
(11) Two unusual types of oral mucosal pigmentation are reported.
(12) These results are consistent with the idea that RPE pigment dispersion is triggered by a substance that diffuses from the retina at light onset.
(13) Rhabdomeres are substantially smaller and visual pigment is nearly eliminated when Drosophila are carotenoid-deprived from egg to adult.
(14) It is hypothesized that deposition of bilirubin in tissues takes place as an ongoing event, the deposited pigment being eliminated by bilirubin oxidase in healthy infants.
(15) The calculated separation between the centers of these two pigments (using an extended version of the exciton theory) is about 10 A, the pigments' molecular planes are tilted by about 20 degrees, and their N1-N3 axes are rotated by 150 degrees relative to each other.
(16) We have investigated enhancement of pigmentation in inbred C3H- mice using tail skin as a model for testing the effects of phosphorylated DOPA (DP) and ultraviolet radiation.
(17) Although mucocutaneous pigmentation was not present in two of the three patients, the features of intestinal polyposis are consistent with those of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
(18) Cytochromes b, c(555), possibly c(1), cytochrome oxidase, a carbon monoxide-binding pigment, and flavoproteins were detectable in the spectra of both intact cells and mitochondria.
(19) The addition of alcohol to the drinking-water resulted in the formation of stones rich in pigment.
(20) The total number of neuronal cell bodies was 25% lower in AIDS (P less than 0.01) than in 12 age-matched controls, although the volume density of neuronal melanin did not differ from that of controls because the percentage of pigmented cell bodies was higher (P less than 0.01) and the cell bodies were more fully packed with melanin in AIDS.