(a.) Destitute of wings; apteral; as, apterous insects.
(a.) Destitute of winglike membranous expansions, as a stem or petiole; -- opposed to alate.
Example Sentences:
(1) Endocrinological studies of the time to the 1st ovulatory cycle in early and late maturing girls in Finland (Apter and Vihko, 1983) are contrary to the Bangladeshi results reported by Foster in 1986.
(2) The results support the hypothesis that the various wing phenotypes produced by apterous mutations are due to quantitative reductions in the activity of gene product and that failure to meet specific threshold requirements for gene product can lead to qualitatively different phenotypes.
(3) We have identified a Drosophila member of this class, the product of the apterous (ap) gene.
(4) Genetic mosaics to test the cell-autonomy of apterous-blot show that it is not autonomously expressed in clones.
(5) The recessive mutation apterous-blot in Drosophila melanogaster causes replacement of posterior wing structures by anterior ones, with variable penetrance and expressivity.
(6) This supports the previous conclusion that the effects of apterous mutations on the wing do not correlate with their effects on viability and fertility.
(7) We describe the wing phenotype produced by homozygotes and hemizygotes of three different temperature-sensitive apterous alleles grown at 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, and 29 degrees.
(8) Certain combinations of alleles at the apterous locus generate wings with extra copies of wing margin structures, some of which are located far from the normal margin.
(9) It is concluded that apterous-blot is unlikely to be a selector gene mutation but instead may cause the transformation by an event like transdetermination following a local failure in cell function in the wing disc.
(10) To establish the basis for a molecular genetic dissection of the neuroendocrine system responsible for modulating JH titer, a radiochemical assay was utilized to examine JH synthesis in vitro by the isolated corpus allatum as well as the regulation of this synthesis by brain extracts of wild-type and apterous mutant Drosophila melanogaster females during reproductive maturation.
(11) The apterous (ap) gene of Drosophila melanogaster exhibits extreme pleiotrophy: its functioning is essential for life, normal wing structure, juvenile hormone production, female fertility, and normal development of female sexual receptivity.
(12) Mutations at the apterous (ap) locus in Drosophila melanogaster produce a variety of developmental defects, including several classes of wing abnormalities.
(13) The results indicated that the broad category of psychopaths were more telic dominant than controls, contrary to Apter's hypothesis.
(14) A strain of Drosophila melanogaster carrying a mutation in the apterous gene (ap4) was known to exhibit arrested vitellogenesis (rescuable by applying exogenous juvenile hormone), sterility of both sexes, and a deficiency of juvenile hormone.
(15) The apterous (ap) gene is required for the normal development of the wing and haltere imaginal discs in Drosophila melanogaster.
(16) The reproduction of apterous and alate morphs of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum is compared on the basis of fecundity in 5- and 10-day periods of adult life.
(17) The results of lineage analysis, the phenotypes of combinations of apterous-blot with other apterous alleles including a deletion for the locus and with various other homoeotic mutations, are together used to distinguish three alternative modes of action of this mutation.
(18) Apter found that the frequency of ovulation depended significantly on both the time since menarche and the age at menarche.
(19) Examination of other apterous mutants suggest that pattern alterations may be a general consequence of lesions at this locus.
(20) An additional observation was that the early onset patients were apter to show earlier and more often abnormal movements and response fluctuations related to the L-Dopa therapy.
Wingless
Definition:
(a.) Having no wings; not able to ascend or fly.
Example Sentences:
(1) The first, the 28A region, gave three recessive lethals and also contains three known visible mutants, spade (spd), Sternopleural (Sp) and wingless (wg); a complex pattern of genetic interaction in the region incorporates both the new and the previously known mutants.
(2) This derepression is independent of two known activators of en expression: en itself and wingless.
(3) Autoregulation graduates to wingless independence, but is transient, and is superseded by an engrailed-independent mode of maintenance.
(4) report cloning of a Drosophila homolog (Dint-1) of the mouse int-1 gene and show that this gene is identical to wingless+.
(5) We show that this out-of-context activation occurs in cells belonging to the anterior compartments of the three thoracic and the A1 to A8 abdominal segments and that it requires the normal function of the polarity genes wingless (wg) and engrailed (en).
(6) We report here that this choice is mediated by wingless (wg), in a function distinct from its early role maintaining en expression.
(7) The segment polarity genes engrailed and wingless are expressed in neighboring stripes of cells on opposite sides of the Drosophila parasegment boundary.
(8) The question we sought to answer was whether in wingless embryos the proximal wing muscles could form a normal pattern in the absence of the humerus and distal wing skeletal elements.
(9) Fleas are small, reddish-brown, wingless insects with a laterally compressed body and a pronounced third pair of legs adapted to leaping.
(10) The wingless (ws) condition is not, therefore, due to a ZPA deficiency.
(11) These results suggest that wingless regulates accumulation of arm protein by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
(12) According to this view, expression of wingless is normally maintained only in those cells receiving an extrinsic signal, encoded by hedgehog, that antagonizes the repressive activity of patched.
(13) Finally, the supracoracoideus muscle was absent in all but one wingless embryo we examined in the present study.
(14) The segment polarity gene wingless has an essential function in cell-to-cell communication during various stages of Drosophila development.
(15) From the study of mutational mosaics in the wingless locus we conclude that mutations in this gene can be autonomous in mosaics.
(16) The subdivisions of the Drosophila embryo, called parasegments, are defined by the interface between cells expressing the homeoprotein Engrailed and cells expressing the secreted protein Wingless.
(17) The ubiquitous effects of ectopic wingless expression may indicate that most cells in the embryo can receive and interpret the wingless signal.
(18) Finally, the decreased motoneuron number in the wingless LMC, when compared to normal after the cell death period, cannot be totally accounted for by the additional loss of cells that occurred during the cell death period in the wingless LMC.
(19) The phenotype of heatshocked HS-wg embryos resembles the segment polarity mutant naked, suggesting that embryos that overexpress wingless or lack the naked gene enter similar developmental pathways.
(20) Furthermore, the products of engrailed, wingless and hedgehog are essential for maintaining the normal pattern of expression of patched.