(n.) A nitrogenous base, C5H11NO2, produced artificially, and also occurring naturally in beet-root molasses and its residues, from which it is extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- called also lycine and oxyneurine. It has a sweetish taste.
Example Sentences:
(1) Two functions of these have been proposed: 1) that they are compatible osmolytes which regulate cell volume (against high external NaCl) without inhibiting proteins and 2) that methylamines (GPC and betaine) are counteracting osmolytes which stabilize proteins against perturbation from high renal urea.
(2) In superfused precontracted strips of rabbit aorta, methylene blue (MeB) or pyocyanin (Pyo, 1-hydroxy-5-methyl phenazinum betaine) at concentrations of 1-10 microM inhibited relaxations induced by endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) or 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1).
(3) Despite significant increases in the hepatic levels of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase, flow through these reactions remains relatively constant.
(4) In the chemically defined medium, acetylcholine, N,N-dimethylethanolamine, and lecithin could replace choline to get normal cell division and cell morphology of C. botulinum type E. Choline could not be replaced by ethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, or betaine.
(5) Chronic elevation of plasma homocysteine is associated with increased atherogenesis and thrombosis, and can be lowered by betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) treatment which is thought to stimulate activity of the enzyme betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase.
(6) Renal medullary cells contain high concentrations of "compatible" organic osmolytes, such as myo-inositol, betaine, sorbitol, and glycero-phosphorylcholine.
(7) Betaine uptake increased when the osmolality was raised with NaCl or mannitol, but not with urea.
(8) The surface activity of a new potent antimicrobial mixture (C31G) of alkyl betaines and alkyl amine oxides were evaluated in order to determine the relationship between its antimicrobial effectiveness and physical properties.
(9) The results of a study on the interaction between cobalt(II) bovine carbonic anhydrase and the alpha-amino acids L(+) and D(-)alanine, glycine and betaine are reported.
(10) The effect of equimolar doses of glycine (G) and some related amino acids: beta-alanine (A), taurine (T) and betaine (B) on the strychnine syndrome was tested by administering them (intrathecal route) along with strychnine.
(11) The accumulation of either betaine or proline reduces the cytoplasmic amounts of K+, glutamate, trehalose, and MOPS (the major cytoplasmic osmolytes accumulated in the absence of osmoprotectants), so that at this external osmolarity the total amount of cytoplasmic solutes is essentially the same in the presence or absence of either osmoprotectant.
(12) Choline, the hydrolytic product of succinyl choline, is oxidized to betaine aldehyde by choline oxidase (EC 1.1.99.1), a rat liver mitochondrial preparation; this is coupled to the reduction of cytochrome c which is measured at 550 nm.
(13) Following transfer from 920 to 460 mosmol kg-1, Na+, Cl- and proline betaine leave the cells while intracellular K+ is conserved.
(14) 13C labeling studies with Methanogenium cariaci suggested that the betaine which accumulated inside the cells was not synthesized de novo but was transported in from the medium.
(15) Betaine showed a threshold for maximum effect at a concentration of 2 to 5 mM.
(16) The accumulation of glycine betaine to a high internal concentration by Escherichia coli cells in high osmolarity medium restores, within 1 h, a subnormal growth rate.
(17) Foetal heart, lung and kidney tissues also incorporated radiolabelled betaine.
(18) Substitution of the hydroxyl group in choline greatly diminished the inhibitory effect; fluorocholine, thiocholine, betaine, and betaine aldehyde showed little or no inhibition.
(19) In those receiving betaine, methionine concentrations were proportional to the dose administered and S-adenosylmethionine concentrations were near normal.
(20) Considering both the protective effect of glycine betaine (GB) on enteric bacteria grown at high osmolarity and the possible presence of GB in marine sediments, we have analyzed the survival, in nutrient-free seawater, of Escherichia coli cells incubated in sediments supplemented with GB or not supplemented and measured the efficiency of GB uptake systems and the expression of proP and proU genes in both seawater and sediments.
Derivative
Definition:
(a.) Obtained by derivation; derived; not radical, original, or fundamental; originating, deduced, or formed from something else; secondary; as, a derivative conveyance; a derivative word.
(n.) That which is derived; anything obtained or deduced from another.
(n.) A word formed from another word, by a prefix or suffix, an internal modification, or some other change; a word which takes its origin from a root.
(n.) A chord, not fundamental, but obtained from another by inversion; or, vice versa, a ground tone or root implied in its harmonics in an actual chord.
(n.) An agent which is adapted to produce a derivation (in the medical sense).
(n.) A derived function; a function obtained from a given function by a certain algebraic process.
(n.) A substance so related to another substance by modification or partial substitution as to be regarded as derived from it; thus, the amido compounds are derivatives of ammonia, and the hydrocarbons are derivatives of methane, benzene, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) The interaction of the antibody with both the bacterial and the tissue derived polysialic acids suggests that the conformational epitope critical for the interaction is formed by both classes of compounds.
(2) The vascular endothelium is capable of regulating tissue perfusion by the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor to modulate vasomotor tone of the resistance vasculature.
(3) Leumorphin is a 29-amino-acid peptide derived from preproenkephalin B. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)
(4) A full-length cDNA encoding porcine heart aconitase was derived from lambda gt10 recombinant clones and by amplification of the 5' end of the mRNA.
(5) In animal experiments pharmacological properties of the low molecular weight heparin derivative CY 216 were determined.
(6) In addition to their involvement in thrombosis, activated platelets release growth factors, most notably a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which may be the principal mediator of smooth muscle cell migration from the media into the intima and of smooth muscle cell proliferation in the intima as well as of vasoconstriction.
(7) Release of 51Cr was apparently a function of immune thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) because it was abrogated by prior incubation of spleen cells with anti-thymus antiserum and complement but was undiminished by passage of spleen cells through nylon-wool columns.
(8) PMNs could be primed for PMA-triggered oxidative burst by muramyl peptide molecules (MDP) and two of its adjuvant active nonpyrogenic derivatives.
(9) Recent studies have shown that an aberration in platelet-derived growth factor gene expression is unlikely to be a factor in proliferation of smooth-muscle cells.
(10) The macrophage-derived product, interleukin 1 (IL 1) is thought to play an important regulatory role in the proliferation of T lymphocytes; however, its mechanism of action is unknown.
(11) In the upper limb and facial forms of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy first recorded in Swiss and Finns respectively, the differences in their patterns of neurological disease and ocular lesions could be the result of their amyloids deriving from proteins other than prealbumin.
(12) The antiproliferative activity of IFN was studied using the parental L cell line, a tk- derivative, and a tk- (tk+) subline into which the tk gene of herpes simplex virus was introduced.
(13) Bipolar derivations with the maximum PSE always included the locations with the maximum PSE obtained from a linked ears reference.
(14) Only those derivatives with a free amino group and net positive charge in the side chain were effective.
(15) Northern blot analysis with an 18-mer radiolabelled oligonucleotide, derived from an ALP specific cDNA clone, revealed a specific mRNA of about 700-800 nucleotides in HS-24 tumor cells.
(16) The mortality data were derived from the reports by Miyagi Prefectural Government.
(17) Ferrocene derivatives, in general, show a degree of versatility, coupling the electron-transfer reactions of many enzymes.
(18) The ADAM derivative of carnitine was separated from decomposition products of the reagent and related compounds such as amino acid derivatives on a silica gel column eluted with methanol-5% aqueous SDS-phosphoric acid (990:10:1).
(19) This doxorubicin derivative did not bind to Sepharose which was conjugated with cardiac actin.
(20) In the triploids, the 40 female chromosomes present (mouse, n = 20) were derived from a single diploid pronucleus formed after the extrusion of a first polar body, and following the monospermic fertilization of primary oocytes.