(n.) A nitrogenous base, C5H11NO2, produced artificially, and also occurring naturally in beet-root molasses and its residues, from which it is extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- called also lycine and oxyneurine. It has a sweetish taste.
Example Sentences:
(1) Two functions of these have been proposed: 1) that they are compatible osmolytes which regulate cell volume (against high external NaCl) without inhibiting proteins and 2) that methylamines (GPC and betaine) are counteracting osmolytes which stabilize proteins against perturbation from high renal urea.
(2) In superfused precontracted strips of rabbit aorta, methylene blue (MeB) or pyocyanin (Pyo, 1-hydroxy-5-methyl phenazinum betaine) at concentrations of 1-10 microM inhibited relaxations induced by endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) or 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1).
(3) Despite significant increases in the hepatic levels of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase, flow through these reactions remains relatively constant.
(4) In the chemically defined medium, acetylcholine, N,N-dimethylethanolamine, and lecithin could replace choline to get normal cell division and cell morphology of C. botulinum type E. Choline could not be replaced by ethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, or betaine.
(5) Chronic elevation of plasma homocysteine is associated with increased atherogenesis and thrombosis, and can be lowered by betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) treatment which is thought to stimulate activity of the enzyme betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase.
(6) Renal medullary cells contain high concentrations of "compatible" organic osmolytes, such as myo-inositol, betaine, sorbitol, and glycero-phosphorylcholine.
(7) Betaine uptake increased when the osmolality was raised with NaCl or mannitol, but not with urea.
(8) The surface activity of a new potent antimicrobial mixture (C31G) of alkyl betaines and alkyl amine oxides were evaluated in order to determine the relationship between its antimicrobial effectiveness and physical properties.
(9) The results of a study on the interaction between cobalt(II) bovine carbonic anhydrase and the alpha-amino acids L(+) and D(-)alanine, glycine and betaine are reported.
(10) The effect of equimolar doses of glycine (G) and some related amino acids: beta-alanine (A), taurine (T) and betaine (B) on the strychnine syndrome was tested by administering them (intrathecal route) along with strychnine.
(11) The accumulation of either betaine or proline reduces the cytoplasmic amounts of K+, glutamate, trehalose, and MOPS (the major cytoplasmic osmolytes accumulated in the absence of osmoprotectants), so that at this external osmolarity the total amount of cytoplasmic solutes is essentially the same in the presence or absence of either osmoprotectant.
(12) Choline, the hydrolytic product of succinyl choline, is oxidized to betaine aldehyde by choline oxidase (EC 1.1.99.1), a rat liver mitochondrial preparation; this is coupled to the reduction of cytochrome c which is measured at 550 nm.
(13) Following transfer from 920 to 460 mosmol kg-1, Na+, Cl- and proline betaine leave the cells while intracellular K+ is conserved.
(14) 13C labeling studies with Methanogenium cariaci suggested that the betaine which accumulated inside the cells was not synthesized de novo but was transported in from the medium.
(15) Betaine showed a threshold for maximum effect at a concentration of 2 to 5 mM.
(16) The accumulation of glycine betaine to a high internal concentration by Escherichia coli cells in high osmolarity medium restores, within 1 h, a subnormal growth rate.
(17) Foetal heart, lung and kidney tissues also incorporated radiolabelled betaine.
(18) Substitution of the hydroxyl group in choline greatly diminished the inhibitory effect; fluorocholine, thiocholine, betaine, and betaine aldehyde showed little or no inhibition.
(19) In those receiving betaine, methionine concentrations were proportional to the dose administered and S-adenosylmethionine concentrations were near normal.
(20) Considering both the protective effect of glycine betaine (GB) on enteric bacteria grown at high osmolarity and the possible presence of GB in marine sediments, we have analyzed the survival, in nutrient-free seawater, of Escherichia coli cells incubated in sediments supplemented with GB or not supplemented and measured the efficiency of GB uptake systems and the expression of proP and proU genes in both seawater and sediments.
Lycine
Definition:
(n.) A weak base identical with betaine; -- so called because found in the boxthorn (Lycium barbarum). See Betaine.
Example Sentences:
(1) Substrates or competitive inhibitors provided protection against inactivation only in the reaction of carboxyl groups with carbodiimide (+lycine ethyl ester) or with diazoacetic ethyl ester.
(2) The ratios of essential: non-essential aminoacids and alanine:branched-chain aminoacids (BCAA) became normal, whereas valine: lycine and serine:glycine increased significantly and tyrosine:phenylalanine was unchanged.
(3) The drugs bleomycin, FK156 [D-lactoyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-(L)-meso-diaminopimelyl-(L)-g lycine], FK565 [heptanoyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-(L)-meso-diaminopimelyl-(D)-alan ine] and the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A did not alter the release of IL-6 in the same experimental system.