(n.) A nitrogenous base, C5H11NO2, produced artificially, and also occurring naturally in beet-root molasses and its residues, from which it is extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- called also lycine and oxyneurine. It has a sweetish taste.
Example Sentences:
(1) Two functions of these have been proposed: 1) that they are compatible osmolytes which regulate cell volume (against high external NaCl) without inhibiting proteins and 2) that methylamines (GPC and betaine) are counteracting osmolytes which stabilize proteins against perturbation from high renal urea.
(2) In superfused precontracted strips of rabbit aorta, methylene blue (MeB) or pyocyanin (Pyo, 1-hydroxy-5-methyl phenazinum betaine) at concentrations of 1-10 microM inhibited relaxations induced by endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) or 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1).
(3) Despite significant increases in the hepatic levels of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase, flow through these reactions remains relatively constant.
(4) In the chemically defined medium, acetylcholine, N,N-dimethylethanolamine, and lecithin could replace choline to get normal cell division and cell morphology of C. botulinum type E. Choline could not be replaced by ethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, or betaine.
(5) Chronic elevation of plasma homocysteine is associated with increased atherogenesis and thrombosis, and can be lowered by betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) treatment which is thought to stimulate activity of the enzyme betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase.
(6) Renal medullary cells contain high concentrations of "compatible" organic osmolytes, such as myo-inositol, betaine, sorbitol, and glycero-phosphorylcholine.
(7) Betaine uptake increased when the osmolality was raised with NaCl or mannitol, but not with urea.
(8) The surface activity of a new potent antimicrobial mixture (C31G) of alkyl betaines and alkyl amine oxides were evaluated in order to determine the relationship between its antimicrobial effectiveness and physical properties.
(9) The results of a study on the interaction between cobalt(II) bovine carbonic anhydrase and the alpha-amino acids L(+) and D(-)alanine, glycine and betaine are reported.
(10) The effect of equimolar doses of glycine (G) and some related amino acids: beta-alanine (A), taurine (T) and betaine (B) on the strychnine syndrome was tested by administering them (intrathecal route) along with strychnine.
(11) The accumulation of either betaine or proline reduces the cytoplasmic amounts of K+, glutamate, trehalose, and MOPS (the major cytoplasmic osmolytes accumulated in the absence of osmoprotectants), so that at this external osmolarity the total amount of cytoplasmic solutes is essentially the same in the presence or absence of either osmoprotectant.
(12) Choline, the hydrolytic product of succinyl choline, is oxidized to betaine aldehyde by choline oxidase (EC 1.1.99.1), a rat liver mitochondrial preparation; this is coupled to the reduction of cytochrome c which is measured at 550 nm.
(13) Following transfer from 920 to 460 mosmol kg-1, Na+, Cl- and proline betaine leave the cells while intracellular K+ is conserved.
(14) 13C labeling studies with Methanogenium cariaci suggested that the betaine which accumulated inside the cells was not synthesized de novo but was transported in from the medium.
(15) Betaine showed a threshold for maximum effect at a concentration of 2 to 5 mM.
(16) The accumulation of glycine betaine to a high internal concentration by Escherichia coli cells in high osmolarity medium restores, within 1 h, a subnormal growth rate.
(17) Foetal heart, lung and kidney tissues also incorporated radiolabelled betaine.
(18) Substitution of the hydroxyl group in choline greatly diminished the inhibitory effect; fluorocholine, thiocholine, betaine, and betaine aldehyde showed little or no inhibition.
(19) In those receiving betaine, methionine concentrations were proportional to the dose administered and S-adenosylmethionine concentrations were near normal.
(20) Considering both the protective effect of glycine betaine (GB) on enteric bacteria grown at high osmolarity and the possible presence of GB in marine sediments, we have analyzed the survival, in nutrient-free seawater, of Escherichia coli cells incubated in sediments supplemented with GB or not supplemented and measured the efficiency of GB uptake systems and the expression of proP and proU genes in both seawater and sediments.
Muscular
Definition:
(a.) Of or pertaining to a muscle, or to a system of muscles; consisting of, or constituting, a muscle or muscles; as, muscular fiber.
(a.) Performed by, or dependent on, a muscle or the muscles.
(a.) Well furnished with muscles; having well-developed muscles; brawny; hence, strong; powerful; vigorous; as, a muscular body or arm.
Example Sentences:
(1) Diseases of the gastric musculature, including the inflammatory and endocrine myopathies, muscular dystrophies, and infiltrative disorders, can result in significant gastroparesis.
(2) In some experiments heart rate and minute ventilation (central vactors) appear to be the dominant cues for rated perceived exertion, while in others, local factors such as blood lactate concentration and muscular discomfort seem to be the prominent cues.
(3) The increased muscular strength in due to a rise of calcaemia, improved muscle contraction and probably also due to the mentioned nutritional factors.
(4) Four clinical cases of subaortic hypertrophic muscular stenosis are discussed.
(5) In 120 consecutive patients who had colonic roentgenologic examination and no depressive sign, two had coccygeal and muscular pain at rectal touch.
(6) These high Danish rates seem to reflect the true prevalence and incidence in the less serious types of progressive muscular dystrophy, probably because the Danish health system with free medical care and easy access to specialized hospital departments makes it possible to identify all cases of progressive muscular dystrophy.
(7) Twenty-nine deletion breakpoints were mapped in 220 kb of the DXS164 locus relative to potential exons of the Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy gene.
(8) The investigation included the measurement of heart rate, bioelectrical muscle activity of the right and left M. biceps brachii and M. deltoideus and muscular endurance at 50% MVC.
(9) The integrated use of several energy sources allows high muscular power outputs to be sustained.
(10) A 1-min test of repeated maximal contractions was administered to examine muscular fatiguability before and after training.
(11) This contrasting pattern may be secondary to a reduction in the intensity of mean muscular tremor in the clonidine group.
(12) Calcium-dependent ATPase, adenylate cyclase and phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins have been found abnormal in various conditions: hereditary spherocytosis, sickle-cell anemia, progressive muscular dystrophies, all of these disorders being associated with a decreased deformability of the erythrocyte.
(13) An enzymatic and immunologic study of 18 patients with trichinosis leads to the following conclusions: The stage of muscular invasion in trichinosis is accompanied by a release of cellular enzymes representative of striated muscle fibres in nearly all the cases.
(14) After the correct diagnosis was established, reconstruction of the muscular defect eliminated the obstruction and reestablished satisfactory bladder function.
(15) DNA studies were undertaken following 53 requests from pregnant women at risk for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, including 32 in whom there was only 1 affected individual in the family (sporadic cases).
(16) In non-muscular cells, the same type of ordered structure as seen in muscle has not been found yet, but it seems likely that the protein is capable of converting chemical energy into movement.
(17) We found that in the patient's view an adequate result requires establishment of a proper lip sphincter--either by restoring muscular tone, or by creating an anatomical framework to which can be added either a motor unit or stabilization to aid the opposite intact muscle.
(18) Disturbances in muscle electrolytes play an important role in the development of muscular fatigue.
(19) Morphometric assessments were made of right and left ventricular weights, lung volume, axial artery lumen diameter, alveolar number and concentration, and arterial number, concentration and muscularity.
(20) Determination of NPY content by radioimmunoassay, in mucosal and muscular layers of the stomach, indicates that NPY possibly produces cholinergic inhibition under physiological levels.