What's the difference between binocular and horopter?
Binocular
Definition:
(a.) Having two eyes.
(a.) Pertaining to both eyes; employing both eyes at once; as, binocular vision.
(a.) Adapted to the use of both eyes; as, a binocular microscope or telescope.
(n.) A binocular glass, whether opera glass, telescope, or microscope.
Example Sentences:
(1) Errors in the initial direction of response were fewer in binocular viewing in comparison with monocular viewing.
(2) At this threshold there was no effect on reducing the rate of visual acuity overreferrals, but ten children with abnormal binocular vision were detected who were not referred by visual acuity criteria.
(3) The external and internal rear-view mirrors of automobiles should be positioned within the binocular field of vision.
(4) Electrophysiological methods were used to determine changes in the neural representation of the binocular visual field at the paired midbrain optic tecta and in the tectal projection of pairs of corresponding retinal loci at various developmental points between these ages.
(5) IBA was defined as the percentage increment of the largest binocular response compared with the monocular response.
(6) These observations suggest that refractive anomalies such as anisometropia that limit high frequency spatial resolution and binocular integration can present a major obstacle to the postnatal development of binocular vision.
(7) When a meridional-size lens is used to provide magnification in the horizonal meridan for one eye the resulting stereopsis distortion is readily accounted for in the terms of the binocular disparity caused by changed angular relations.
(8) Prism fixation disparity curves were determined in three different experimental situations: the routine method according to Ogle, a method to stimulate the synkinetic convergence (Experiment I, with one fixation point as sole binocular stimulus) and a method to stimulate the fusion mechanism (Experiment II, with random dot stereograms).
(9) In 4 patients strabismus surgery alone restored binocular single vision.
(10) Permanent suppression produced a reduction in spectral sensitivity; however, in contrast to binocular rivalry suppression, the sensitivity alterations associated with permanent suppression were independent of the test-probe wavelength.
(11) The Siamese cat is a mutant with abnormally crossed visual pathways, which provides a model for studying the effects of visual deprivation in the absence of binocular competitive interactions.
(12) Comparing results of different stereotests, e.g., random-dot stereograms and the two-pencil test, provides some insight into different levels of cortical binocular interaction.
(13) Monocular and binocular depth thresholds were measured for all kittens when they were between three and five months old.
(14) The results therefore define a critical period which ends before 3 weeks of age during which corpus callosum section reduces striate cortex binocularity.
(15) The five disturbing symptoms of binocular confusion can be positivity eliminated by an appropriate combination of spectacles and contact lens (combined correction) in regard to echometry and intraocular optics.
(16) We may thus conclude that both the binocular and monocular contrast sensitivity seemed independent of age within the range of 6 to 40 years.
(17) Matched, binocular displacing prisms were mounted over the eyes of 19 barn owls (Tyto alba) beginning at ages ranging from 10 to 272 d. In nearly all cases, the visual field was shifted 23 degrees to the right.
(18) Scleral depression with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy will be easier to learn if the examiner observes the patient's pupillary reflex through the ophthalmoscope without looking through the hand-held condensing lens.
(19) Binocular single vision was restored after buckle removal and strabismus surgery in three further patients (20%), one requiring a prism in addition.
(20) The reduction was much smaller in humans with impaired binocular vision, at least for the dominant eye.
Horopter
Definition:
(n.) The line or surface in which are situated all the points which are seen single while the point of sight, or the adjustment of the eyes, remains unchanged.
Example Sentences:
(1) An additional subject showed irregular alterations in vergence posture during nonius horopter measurements.
(2) The results of our physiological analysis in the burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia) also reveal a tilted horopter in this terrestrial avian species.
(3) Determining the mean of several sets of replications smoothed out the horopter.
(4) The depth data suggests that, at least in the near field, the zero value for relative depth lies at the same absolute depth as the stereo horopter (locus of zero stereo disparity).
(5) In addition to localized irregularities in the horopter locus, shifts in fixation disparity produced regional distortions of the horopter.
(6) For normal subjects with good stereopsis the equidistance (stereoscopic distance matching) horopter shape was altered with the application of lateral prism.
(7) Regardless of spatial frequency, stereo sensitivity declined rapidly as stimuli were presented away from the horopter.
(8) Fixation disparity values derived from horopter measurements are compared with those determined using the disparometer on seven subjects wearing lateral prisms.
(9) Horopters in exotropes appear to be very similar to those found in normal binocular subjects.
(10) The width of these disparity tuning functions varied from 5 arc min for adaptation at the horopter to 20 arc min for adaptation at 20 arc min disparity.
(11) However, the mean standard error of the means of several replications produced a more nearly smooth horopter locus.
(12) There is a gradual increase in stereo-threshold as the targets are moved out along the horopter, away from the fixation point into the peripheral visual field.
(13) Relative depth discrimination is, then, operative over a very wide band of visual space around the horopter (about 3 deg of absolute disparity in the centre of the visual field and even more in the periphery).5.
(14) The horopter (the locus of targets that appear to be fused binocularly) is the region of maximum stereoacuity and this does not necessarily coincide with the Vieth-Müller circle (the locus of zero geometric or absolute disparity).
(15) We have undertaken a determination of the vertical horopter in two species by simultaneously mapping the receptive field positions of binocular cortical neurons at various elevations along the zero azimuthal meridians.
(16) Several up-down illusions involving apparent distance may well be due to these disparities, including (a) backward tilt of the apparent vertical and of the vertical horopter, (b) the 'soup-bowl sky' illusion, and (c) the 'diverging sunbeams' illusion.
(17) Plotting the mean and standard error of the means of these seven sets of data produced a smoothing out of the horopter locus.
(18) Since the two eyes' zero meridians define physiologically the positions of corresponding retinal points, this out-torsion results in a vertical horopter in the mid-sagittal plane which is tilted away from the alert, unparalyzed cat.
(19) Such low-frequency, inter-fixational variation in torsional difference between the eyes must produce spurious horizontal disparities in the upper and lower visual fields, and should thereby limit the precision with which the vertical horopter can be evaluated.
(20) The results produced a refined horopter locus and suggested that the so-called Vieth-Mueller circle is an adequate describer of the empirical longitudinal horopter, except in those cases involving uncorrected aniseikonia.