(1) We found that each of the gaits that use the legs in pairs can be transformed into a common underlying gait, a virtual biped gait.
(2) Particular fossils from Olduvai and Kromdraai that are supposed to be australopithecine and therefore bipeds, are confirmed (Oxnard, '72; Lisowski et al., '74) as being totally different from man in their talar morphology and essentially rather similar to the majority of the other fossil tali examined.
(3) This paper deals with the development of a conceptual model for the control of a multilink biped during a turning maneuver.
(4) At high speeds, bipeds use both ordinary running, in which the legs move opposite one another, and hopping.
(5) It is shown that stable biped gaits can be achieved by discrete foot placement based on feedback of information available at the time of foot placement.
(6) Its mechanisms are nearly the same in superior species and in man, but humans are the only ones to have acquired exclusively biped upright position and gait.
(7) Although 15 of the 22 patients developing contralateral infection (or 33 percent of the total series) required some type of amputation on the contralateral foot, the conservative approach allowed 64 percent of the patients with severe infections in both feet to maintain biped ambulation.
(8) Sixty female rats were divided into three groups: twenth were converted to bipeds, twenty to asymmetrics and twenty were raised as a control group.
(9) Running in both bipeds and quadrupeds generally involves at least one aerial phase per stride cycle, but certain perturbations to running including running in circles, running under enhanced gravity, running on compliant surfaces and running with increased knee flexion (Groucho running) can reduce the aerial phase, even to zero.
(10) Reanalysis of empirical data relating the energetic ost of running (Erun = cm3 02 g-1 km-1) to body mass (g) indicate the slopes of these regression analyses are indistinguishable when bipeds and quadrupeds are compared.
(11) It is assumed that orthostatic characteristics of circulation are an adequate phenotypical manifestation of the human genotype as a biped living being.
(12) Whole-body dynamics common to two-, four-, six- and eight-legged runners is produced in six-legged runners by three pairs of legs that differ in orientation with respect to the body, generate unique ground reaction force patterns, but combine to function in the same way as one leg of a biped.
(13) Using the new version of a Protein Structural Database, BIPED, beta-turns have been extracted from 58 non-identical proteins (resolution less than or equal to 2 A) using the standard criteria that the distance between C alpha i and C alpha i + 3 is less than 7 A and that the central residues are not helical.
(14) The work done during each step to lift and to reaccelerate (in the forward direction) and center of mass has been measured during locomotion in bipeds (rhea and turkey), quadrupeds (dogs, stump-tailed macaques, and ram), and hoppers (kangaroo and springhare).
(15) Fossils that are assigned to Paranthropus indicate that the South African "robust" australopithecines engaged in tool behavior and were essentially terrestrial bipeds at around 1.8 Myr BP.
(16) The skeletal model is a seven link biped for which the equations of motion are derived.
(17) It was found that the bipeds developed typical characteristics of the upright posture: complete erectness of the torso and legs and noticeable enhancement of lumbar lordosis.
(18) It was, and is, the capital of work, the cast-iron, steel-and-glass leveller of men; the city where dust from the "subway" system elevated above the streets on iron stilts showers down on the bipeds beneath regardless of status.
(19) The amino acid sequence of the major ferredoxin component isolated from a dinoflagellate, Peridinium bipes, was completely determined.
(20) Results of this study show reduction in litter size in the amputated groups, with greater reduction of offspring among the biped group, than in the asymmetric group.
Bipedal
Definition:
(n.) Having two feet; biped.
(n.) Pertaining to a biped.
Example Sentences:
(1) Although most studies emphasise the similarity of the australopithecines to modern man, and suggest, therefore, that these creatures were bipedal tool-makers at least one form of which (Australopithecus africanus--"Homo habilis", "Homo africanus") was almost directly ancestral to man, a series of multivariate statistical studies of various postcranial fragments suggests other conclusions.
(2) The exoskeleton is fitted with multiple gyros to stop it falling over during the balancing act of bipedal walking.
(3) Bipedality may have arisen more than once, the Australopithecinae displaying one or more experiments in bipedality that failed.
(4) Rather, it appears that the development of the LSA is related to the progressive acquisition of erect posture and the ontogeny of bipedal locomotion.
(5) Our studies on the gluteal (Tuttle et al., '78) and thigh muscles of African apes partly confirm Kummer's ('75) prediction that considerable gluteal and hamstring activity would be required in order for them to stand bipedally with flexed hip and knee joints.
(6) From a comparative biomechanical standpoint, it would appear that modern man's ancestors have possessed upright posture and bipedalism for 12 to 14 million years.
(7) Bipedal lymphangiography, in our experience, was no more accurate than excretory urograms in selecting patients with retroperitoneal disease and in addition provides no information regarding the status of the upper urinary tract.
(8) Consequently their bipedal stride lengths do not appear to be exceptional in length when compared to other mammals.
(9) The opposite was observed in adult dogs, where bipedalism was shown to be much more energy-consuming than quadrupedalism.
(10) On the basis of theoretical biomechanics and of experiments, we investigated the mechanical requirements to which the body of a bipedally walking primate is subject, and the possibilities to meet these requirements with a minimum amount of energy.
(11) Specifically, for the same direction of platform movement, during bipedal stance muscles on one side of the lower limb were activated in a distal to proximal sequence; during quadrupedal stance, muscles on the opposite side of the lower limb were activated and in a proximal to distal sequence.
(12) Human children, at the transitional stage between quadrupedalism and bipedalism, have high and almost equal requirements for all postures and locomotions.
(13) In the course of bipedal lymphography, the right axillary nodes were filled with contrast medium from the right pelvic region via the subcutaneous lymphatics.
(14) This model was selected among the postural behaviours that were roughly antecedent to Hominidae bipedalism.
(15) Bipedalism is relatively rare but nevertheless occurs in a wide variety of situations, although bipedalism during feeding occurs much more frequently than in other situations.
(16) For all patients with teratoma, we recommend CT of the thorax and abdomen, with bipedal lymphography for those with normal CT scans.
(17) One hundred patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the prostate were examined by radionuclide bone scintigraphy and bipedal lymphography.
(18) The fossil evidence suggests that Homo habilis and Paranthropus may have attained a similar grade of bipedality at roughly 1.8 m.y.
(19) No Monte Desert rodent has developed the specialized desert traits that have evolved in most desert rodent faunas of the world, although extinct marsupials similar to living bipedal desert rodents were present in the Monte as recently as late Pliocene.
(20) Compared with resting posture, the principal findings are 1) cardiac output shows a minimal increase for humans in bipedal stance and a noticeable increase for dogs as well as humans in quadrupedal stance; 2) quadrupedal stance in humans and dogs and bipedal stance in dogs require increased blood supply to the muscles of the neck, back, and limbs, while human bipedal stance requires none of these; 3) cerebral blood flow (internal carotid) in humans did not change as a result of bipedal posture or locomotion, but showed a noticeable drop in quadrupedal posture and an even further drop in quadrupedal locomotion.