(1) We found that each of the gaits that use the legs in pairs can be transformed into a common underlying gait, a virtual biped gait.
(2) Particular fossils from Olduvai and Kromdraai that are supposed to be australopithecine and therefore bipeds, are confirmed (Oxnard, '72; Lisowski et al., '74) as being totally different from man in their talar morphology and essentially rather similar to the majority of the other fossil tali examined.
(3) This paper deals with the development of a conceptual model for the control of a multilink biped during a turning maneuver.
(4) At high speeds, bipeds use both ordinary running, in which the legs move opposite one another, and hopping.
(5) It is shown that stable biped gaits can be achieved by discrete foot placement based on feedback of information available at the time of foot placement.
(6) Its mechanisms are nearly the same in superior species and in man, but humans are the only ones to have acquired exclusively biped upright position and gait.
(7) Although 15 of the 22 patients developing contralateral infection (or 33 percent of the total series) required some type of amputation on the contralateral foot, the conservative approach allowed 64 percent of the patients with severe infections in both feet to maintain biped ambulation.
(8) Sixty female rats were divided into three groups: twenth were converted to bipeds, twenty to asymmetrics and twenty were raised as a control group.
(9) Running in both bipeds and quadrupeds generally involves at least one aerial phase per stride cycle, but certain perturbations to running including running in circles, running under enhanced gravity, running on compliant surfaces and running with increased knee flexion (Groucho running) can reduce the aerial phase, even to zero.
(10) Reanalysis of empirical data relating the energetic ost of running (Erun = cm3 02 g-1 km-1) to body mass (g) indicate the slopes of these regression analyses are indistinguishable when bipeds and quadrupeds are compared.
(11) It is assumed that orthostatic characteristics of circulation are an adequate phenotypical manifestation of the human genotype as a biped living being.
(12) Whole-body dynamics common to two-, four-, six- and eight-legged runners is produced in six-legged runners by three pairs of legs that differ in orientation with respect to the body, generate unique ground reaction force patterns, but combine to function in the same way as one leg of a biped.
(13) Using the new version of a Protein Structural Database, BIPED, beta-turns have been extracted from 58 non-identical proteins (resolution less than or equal to 2 A) using the standard criteria that the distance between C alpha i and C alpha i + 3 is less than 7 A and that the central residues are not helical.
(14) The work done during each step to lift and to reaccelerate (in the forward direction) and center of mass has been measured during locomotion in bipeds (rhea and turkey), quadrupeds (dogs, stump-tailed macaques, and ram), and hoppers (kangaroo and springhare).
(15) Fossils that are assigned to Paranthropus indicate that the South African "robust" australopithecines engaged in tool behavior and were essentially terrestrial bipeds at around 1.8 Myr BP.
(16) The skeletal model is a seven link biped for which the equations of motion are derived.
(17) It was found that the bipeds developed typical characteristics of the upright posture: complete erectness of the torso and legs and noticeable enhancement of lumbar lordosis.
(18) It was, and is, the capital of work, the cast-iron, steel-and-glass leveller of men; the city where dust from the "subway" system elevated above the streets on iron stilts showers down on the bipeds beneath regardless of status.
(19) The amino acid sequence of the major ferredoxin component isolated from a dinoflagellate, Peridinium bipes, was completely determined.
(20) Results of this study show reduction in litter size in the amputated groups, with greater reduction of offspring among the biped group, than in the asymmetric group.
Tetrapod
Definition:
(n.) An insect characterized by having but four perfect legs, as certain of the butterflies.
Example Sentences:
(1) In tetrapods, there are at least three possibilities.
(2) The saccular orientations are significantly different from those in tetrapods.
(3) We speculate, therefore, that the putative gene duplication that led to pancreatic polypeptide in the higher vertebrates took place after the time of divergence of fish and tetrapods.
(4) One of the divergent domains (DD8) consists of two regions of length variation separated by a short segment that is conserved at least throughout tetrapods.
(5) The phylogenetic and ontogenetic changes in the octavolateralis system of sarcopterygian fish and tetrapods, presumed to be important for the formation of an amphibian auditory system, are reviewed.
(6) The diversity of tetrapods increased from the Devonian to the Permian, remained roughly constant during the Mesozoic, and then began to increase in the late Cretaceous, and continued to do so during the Tertiary.
(7) Renin and JGC have been found in the kidneys of tetrapods and teleostean fishes.
(8) A tetrapod-like hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system and a persistent bucco-hypophysial canal are present in Megalops cyprinoides.
(9) Also, the evolution of hypercalcemic regulation in tetrapods will be discussed in the light of recent developments.
(10) These data, correlated with previous ones obtained on tetrapods, affirm the principle that there is a phylogenetic decline in the quantitative innervation of the vertebrate appendage.
(11) It appears that in non-mammalian tetrapods, namely birds and amphibians, the proteolytic processing of the pro-vasotocin involves only one cleavage, releasing the hormone moiety and a "big" neurophysin with two domains homologous to mammalian MSEL-neurophysin and copeptin, respectively.
(12) However, the fossil record of tetrapods has the advantages that it is easier to establish a phylogenetic taxonomy than for many invertebrate groups, and there is the potential for more detailed ecological analyses.
(13) The glycoconjugates of the extrapulmonary airways of 11 tetrapode vertebrates have been characterized by means of both conventional and lectin histochemistry.
(14) In some respects, Torpedo appeared closer to tetrapods than trout.
(15) The tetrapod and teleost PRLs share 34 common residues and these conserved residues are clustered in six domains (PD1 to PD6), suggesting that these common residues, or at least part of them, are responsible for the activities common to all PRLs.
(16) Comparable right and left wing bones of three species of bats failed to demonstrate one-sided dominance, although such dominance is widespread in tetrapods.
(17) Among living fish, the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae (Actinistia), which is the only recent representative of the Crossopterygii (Actinistia and Rhipidistia), the lungfish (Dipnoi) and ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii), have each been considered as sister-groups of the tetrapods.
(18) The appearance of the membrane-bounded granules depends on the fixative used; after fixation with glutaraldehyde the granules are of a size and electron-density comparable to that found in tetrapod Merkel cells, but after fixing in osmium tetroxide the granules are inconspicuous.
(19) Meyer and Wilson's (1990) 12S rRNA phylogeny unites lungfish and tetrapods to the exclusion of the coelacanth.
(20) MCH stimulates melanosome aggregation within teleost melanocytes but also exhibits MSH-like (melanosome dispersing) activity on tetrapod (frog and lizard) melanocytes.