(1) Although most studies emphasise the similarity of the australopithecines to modern man, and suggest, therefore, that these creatures were bipedal tool-makers at least one form of which (Australopithecus africanus--"Homo habilis", "Homo africanus") was almost directly ancestral to man, a series of multivariate statistical studies of various postcranial fragments suggests other conclusions.
(2) The exoskeleton is fitted with multiple gyros to stop it falling over during the balancing act of bipedal walking.
(3) Bipedality may have arisen more than once, the Australopithecinae displaying one or more experiments in bipedality that failed.
(4) Rather, it appears that the development of the LSA is related to the progressive acquisition of erect posture and the ontogeny of bipedal locomotion.
(5) Our studies on the gluteal (Tuttle et al., '78) and thigh muscles of African apes partly confirm Kummer's ('75) prediction that considerable gluteal and hamstring activity would be required in order for them to stand bipedally with flexed hip and knee joints.
(6) From a comparative biomechanical standpoint, it would appear that modern man's ancestors have possessed upright posture and bipedalism for 12 to 14 million years.
(7) Bipedal lymphangiography, in our experience, was no more accurate than excretory urograms in selecting patients with retroperitoneal disease and in addition provides no information regarding the status of the upper urinary tract.
(8) Consequently their bipedal stride lengths do not appear to be exceptional in length when compared to other mammals.
(9) The opposite was observed in adult dogs, where bipedalism was shown to be much more energy-consuming than quadrupedalism.
(10) On the basis of theoretical biomechanics and of experiments, we investigated the mechanical requirements to which the body of a bipedally walking primate is subject, and the possibilities to meet these requirements with a minimum amount of energy.
(11) Specifically, for the same direction of platform movement, during bipedal stance muscles on one side of the lower limb were activated in a distal to proximal sequence; during quadrupedal stance, muscles on the opposite side of the lower limb were activated and in a proximal to distal sequence.
(12) Human children, at the transitional stage between quadrupedalism and bipedalism, have high and almost equal requirements for all postures and locomotions.
(13) In the course of bipedal lymphography, the right axillary nodes were filled with contrast medium from the right pelvic region via the subcutaneous lymphatics.
(14) This model was selected among the postural behaviours that were roughly antecedent to Hominidae bipedalism.
(15) Bipedalism is relatively rare but nevertheless occurs in a wide variety of situations, although bipedalism during feeding occurs much more frequently than in other situations.
(16) For all patients with teratoma, we recommend CT of the thorax and abdomen, with bipedal lymphography for those with normal CT scans.
(17) One hundred patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the prostate were examined by radionuclide bone scintigraphy and bipedal lymphography.
(18) The fossil evidence suggests that Homo habilis and Paranthropus may have attained a similar grade of bipedality at roughly 1.8 m.y.
(19) No Monte Desert rodent has developed the specialized desert traits that have evolved in most desert rodent faunas of the world, although extinct marsupials similar to living bipedal desert rodents were present in the Monte as recently as late Pliocene.
(20) Compared with resting posture, the principal findings are 1) cardiac output shows a minimal increase for humans in bipedal stance and a noticeable increase for dogs as well as humans in quadrupedal stance; 2) quadrupedal stance in humans and dogs and bipedal stance in dogs require increased blood supply to the muscles of the neck, back, and limbs, while human bipedal stance requires none of these; 3) cerebral blood flow (internal carotid) in humans did not change as a result of bipedal posture or locomotion, but showed a noticeable drop in quadrupedal posture and an even further drop in quadrupedal locomotion.
Quadrupedal
Definition:
(a.) Having four feet; of or pertaining to a quadruped.
Example Sentences:
(1) Both the segmental distribution of hindlimb dorsal root fibers and their pattern of termination in Clark's nucleus in the tree shrew were similar to that reported in quadrupedal primates and other quadrupedal mammalian forms.
(2) The opposite was observed in adult dogs, where bipedalism was shown to be much more energy-consuming than quadrupedalism.
(3) Specifically, for the same direction of platform movement, during bipedal stance muscles on one side of the lower limb were activated in a distal to proximal sequence; during quadrupedal stance, muscles on the opposite side of the lower limb were activated and in a proximal to distal sequence.
(4) Human children, at the transitional stage between quadrupedalism and bipedalism, have high and almost equal requirements for all postures and locomotions.
(5) The vastus lateralis muscle is of primary importance in leaping inasmuch as it initiates the jumps; on the contrary the activity of the vastus intermedius does not increase during jumping, but it is the only one to be active in quadrupedal resting postures.
(6) Interlimb co-ordination typical of swimming (or trotting) in adult quadrupedal vertebrates was already present on postnatal day 1, and so apparently the neural pattern generating circuitry for this behaviour is already established by this stage.
(7) Compared with resting posture, the principal findings are 1) cardiac output shows a minimal increase for humans in bipedal stance and a noticeable increase for dogs as well as humans in quadrupedal stance; 2) quadrupedal stance in humans and dogs and bipedal stance in dogs require increased blood supply to the muscles of the neck, back, and limbs, while human bipedal stance requires none of these; 3) cerebral blood flow (internal carotid) in humans did not change as a result of bipedal posture or locomotion, but showed a noticeable drop in quadrupedal posture and an even further drop in quadrupedal locomotion.
(8) Tail-arm suspension is practiced more rapidly on thinner supports, and on more negatively inclined supports than is quadrupedal movement.
(9) Thus the quadrupedal and bipedal abilities of the vervet monkey was reflected in the structure of its brachial plexus.
(10) The characteristics of the quadrupedal terrestrial primate foot contrast with the very unique pattern seen in the hominid foot.
(11) Quadrupedalism in humans was with subjects on their hands and knees.
(12) The aim of this study is to address the problem of the controlled variable in quadrupedal stance.
(13) The quadrupedal orangutan always exhibited low potentials in the pectoralis major muscle and EMG activity commonly occurred in her supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles.
(14) Morphological adaptations to climbing (a scansorial mode of quadrupedal, arboreal locomotion practised on twigs and small branches) are identified by relating anatomical details of limb bones to a sample of 6,136 instantaneous observational recordings on the positional behavior and support uses of 20 different free-ranging, adult red howlers.
(15) These features unequivocally segregate quadrupedal pongids and bipedal hominids and demonstrate a clear adaptation to terrestrial bipedality in the Hadar pedal skeleton.
(16) The transition from a basically quadrupedal to an upright stance must have been a critical stage in the early hominids before the appearance of Australopithecus and after a Ramaor Dryopithecine time.
(17) Functionally, the fossils indicate quadrupedal or leaping habits rather than suspensory or bipedal behaviors.
(18) Results show that the flexion phase (F E1) and the extension phase (E2 E3) of the SIS-induced step cycle are quite comparable to those of the normal step cycle in other quadrupedal animals walking on the ground.
(19) Ateles locomotion can be divided into five patterns on the basis of limb usage: quadrupedal walking and running, suspensory locomotion, climbing, bipedalism and leaping.
(20) A group of cats whose second hemisection was done within 7 days after the first hemisection needed 24 to 53 (mean 43) days to recover quadrupedal standing, whereas cats whose second hemisection occurred after 10 to 126 days needed 7 to 22 (mean 15) days.