(n.) One of the elements; a metal of a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons. It is somewhat harder than lead, and rather brittle; masses show broad cleavage surfaces when broken across. It melts at 507ยก Fahr., being easily fused in the flame of a candle. It is found in a native state, and as a constituent of some minerals. Specific gravity 9.8. Atomic weight 207.5. Symbol Bi.
Example Sentences:
(1) By means of rapid planar Hill type antimony-bismuth thermophiles the initial heat liberated by papillary muscles was measured synchronously with developed tension for control (C), pressure-overload (GOP), and hypothyrotic (PTU) rat myocardium (chronic experiments) and after application of 10(-6) M isoproterenol or 200 10(-6) M UDCG-115.
(2) 0.5 to 1 gram pure Bismuth per day and person leaves the patients naturally by faeces.
(3) Other useful treatments include bismuth subsalicylate or anti-motility agents such as loperamide or diphenoxylate.
(4) Killing of E. coli at this pH was much more rapid than at pH 7 and was apparently due to salicylate released by the conversion of BSS to bismuth oxychloride.
(5) The three bismuth compounds reduced FLES significantly in 47 (81%) of 58 of the stool samples used to test their effect.
(6) The constituents tested were activated dimethiocone (a silicone) magnesium trisilicate, bismuth carbonate and the adsorbant, kaolin.
(7) Side effects of orally administered bismuthic salts have been known for many years.
(8) The distinct advantage that NBG agar offers over the conventional method tested, including bismuth sulfite, is the consistent differential reaction of all Salmonella subgroups including biochemically atypical strains.
(9) Bismuth salts had little effect on cefoperazone, ceftazidime, or mezlocillin activity.
(10) Both decreased after bismuth therapy independently on the elimination of CP.
(11) Monotherapy with bismuth salts, tinidazone or amoxycillin has been shown to result in early relapse and recurrence of ulcers.
(12) and evaluated against other conventionally used media including bismuth sulfite, xylose-lysine decarboxylase, brilliant green-sulfa, hektoen enteric, and salmonella-shigella agars.
(13) The pharmacokinetics of Bismuth Subnitrate and Cisplatin were studied in several courses.
(14) Surface-active agents (bismuth complexes, sucralfate, prostaglandins and carbenoxolone) are consistently superior to H2-histamine receptor antagonist drugs (cimetidine and ranitidine).
(15) Pretreatment with tablet base gave only marginal protection whilst bismuth subnitrate gave marked protection against ulceration compared to alcohol alone (P less than 0.001).
(16) Helicobacter pylori is obviously a factor in the occurrence of peptic ulcer disease, but with the high prevalence of asymptomatic infection and evidence suggesting that duodenal ulcer disease may be self-limiting, widespread treatment with bismuth and antibiotics may do more harm than good.
(17) Colloidal bismuth subcitrate alone, which suppresses but does not eradicate H. pylori infection, seems to be an effective ulcer drug and may even reduce the rate of early recurrences.
(18) An effective prophylaxis in duodenal ulcer can also be achieved by combination therapy with bismuth plus antibiotics or with omeprazole plus antibiotics.
(19) When individual drugs are considered, this appears to hold true for colloidal bismuth alone.
(20) Both findings demonstrate that bismuth subsalicylate can provide antiemetic action and that the decreases in the occurrence of emesis in humans and dogs parallels the decrease in nausea found in humans and the nausea suspected to occur prior to emesis in dogs.
Selenium
Definition:
(n.) A nonmetallic element of the sulphur group, and analogous to sulphur in its compounds. It is found in small quantities with sulphur and some sulphur ores, and obtained in the free state as a dark reddish powder or crystalline mass, or as a dark metallic-looking substance. It exhibits under the action of light a remarkable variation in electric conductivity, and is used in certain electric apparatus. Symbol Se. Atomic weight 78.9.
Example Sentences:
(1) It was tested for recovery and separation from other selenium moieties present in urine using both in vivo-labeled rat urine and human urine spiked with unlabeled TMSe.
(2) Dietary factors affect intestinal P450s markedly--iron restriction rapidly decreased intestinal P450 to beneath detectable values; selenium deficiency acted similarly but was less effective; Brussels sprouts increased intestinal AHH activity 9.8-fold, ECOD activity 3.2-fold, and P450 1.9-fold; fried meat and dietary fat significantly increased intestinal EROD activity; a vitamin A-deficient diet increased, and a vitamin A-rich diet decreased intestinal P450 activities; and excess cholesterol in the diet increased intestinal P450 activity.
(3) Mice exhibiting this suppression of immunity had levels of blood glutathione peroxidase, serum selenium, and liver DNA, RNA and protein similar to mice receiving selenium only.
(4) Excess levels of selenium (2.5 and 5 ppm) in the vitamin E-deficient diet had little or no effect on spleen size or hematocrit of rats not receiving lead, but partially prevented the splenomegaly and anemia of red cells from either non-poisoned or lead-oisoned vitamin E-deficient rats, but not as effectively as vitamin E. These results show that vitamin E status of rats is more important that selenium status in determining response to toxic levels of lead.
(5) Plasma selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in the subjects who died within 1 year of screening were 89% and 88%, respectively, of the values among survivors (p less than 0.01).
(6) Although selenium deficiency in livestock is consequently now rare in Oregon, selenium-deficient soils and attendant selenium deficiency conditions have been reported near the Kesterson Wildlife Refuge in the Northern part of the San Joaquin Valley, California, where, paradoxically, selenium toxicity in wildfowl, nesting near evaporation ponds, occurred and attracted wide attention.
(7) The synthetic "C" nucleoside, tiazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide), its selenium analogue selenazofurin, and the related inhibitor of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase, mycophenolic acid, are effective inducers of the terminal differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells.
(8) Thus, in this population with intermediate selenium intake, low serum selenium is not associated with an excess risk of myocardial infarction.
(9) Liver, blood, kidney and lungs were found to contain most of the selenium, here also a two-phased elimination was observed.
(10) These findings suggest that neither serum levels of selenium nor those of retinol have an appreciable effect on the risk of cancer.
(11) The incidences of esophageal tumors were statistically not significant among rats on normal, high and low selenium intake (P greater than 0.05).
(12) Alteration of guinea pig erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity by the dietary antioxidants ascorbic acid and selenium was investigated.
(13) The more severe was the PIH the lower was the selenium level.
(14) Significantly lower selenium values were observed in blood from colorectal cancer patients than from normal individuals (0.1349 ppm vs. 0.1502 ppm.
(15) Selenium-deficient rats were used to examine the nature of the oxidant stress.
(16) Although treatment with beta-carotene tended to decrease the incidence and number of large intestinal carcinomas, beta-carotene, selenium, esculin and eugenol all decreased the incidence of kidney nephroblastomas, the differences were not statistically significant.
(17) These studies were designed to measure leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from selenium (Se)-deficient and Se-adequate goats.
(18) Copper deficiency impairs cell-mediated immunity, as does selenium deficiency when it is associated with vitamin E lack.
(19) Many forms of selenium supplement are commercialized.
(20) The possibility that a sub-clinical deficiency of the trace element selenium might exist in a sample of the British population was examined by giving a selenium supplemented for 5 weeks.