What's the difference between bitartrate and tartrate?
Bitartrate
Definition:
(n.) A salt of tartaric acid in which the base replaces but half the acid hydrogen; an acid tartrate, as cream of tartar.
Example Sentences:
(1) Pentolinium bitartrate abolished the increase in CA excretion.
(2) Intracameral slowly mixed bolus doses of 10 micrograms of 1-epinephrine or 1-norepinephrine bitartrate significantly increased total outflow facility by similar percentages in ciliary muscle disinserted and non-disinserted living cynomolgus monkey eyes (approximately 20% for epinephrine, 30% for norepinephrine); smaller or larger bolus doses (0.1, 1, 50 micrograms) either had no effect or tended to decrease facility.
(3) Drugs that may be administered by the endotracheal route include epinephrine, atropine sulfate, lidocaine hydrochloride, naloxone hydrochloride, and metaraminol bitartrate.
(4) Insulin (50 muU per milliliter) when given prior to or simultaneously with 0.035 mug per milliliter of epinephrine bitartrate completely blocked lipolysis but the antilipolytic effect of insulin could be overcome by increasing the concentration of epinephrine bitartrate.
(5) Epinephrine bitartrate eyedrops reduce tear film pH well below normal.
(6) The use of the anti-lipolitic considerably reduced the degree of myocardial damage produced by a standard dose of isoprenaline bitartrate.
(7) The in vivo effect of nicotine bitartrate on mucociliary (mc) activity in the rabbit maxillary sinus was investigated.
(8) Cirazoline, phenylephrine and norepinephrine bitartrate caused large renal vasopressor responses with minimal systemic effects.
(9) Prajmaline bitartrate produced no statistically significant changes in resting heart rate or systolic blood pressure or in work capacity on the treadmill, or in heart rate or systolic blood pressure at maximum exercise compared to placebo values.
(10) Blood flow measurements were performed either 5 minutes or 30 minutes after retrobulbar injection of 10 microliter of a 2% (base) epinephrine bitartrate solution to the right eye of each rabbit.
(11) Bilateral injections of norepinephrine bitartrate (5.0-20.0 microng) into the preoptic region and anterior hypothalamus were always followed by a reduction in core temperature and rate of behaviorally obtaining radiant heat in cold-exposed (5 degrees C) squirrel monkeys regardless of whether the temperature of this region was experimentally raised (40-42 degrees C) or lowered (32-34 degrees C).
(12) The ontogeny of high affinity nicotinic cholinergic binding sites was studied in Long-Evans rat brain by in vitro autoradiography, using [3H]nicotine (10 nM) and cold (-)nicotine bitartrate to assess specificity.
(13) administration of ajmaline, after an oral administration of ajmaline, and an oral dose of NPA bitartrate (NPAB) in beagle dogs.
(14) 15 patients with ventricular ectopic beats classified to at least Lown class III with more than 100 ventricular ectopic beats in one hour were treated with N-prajmalium bitartrate (NPAB) in increasing dosages.
(15) It is reported on an acute intoxication after application of 8 mg L-thyroxin, 2 mg L-triiodotyronine (200 tablets Thyreotom) and 4.5 g hendimetrazine bitartrate (100 tablets Sedafamem).
(16) The relative bioavailability of prajmalium bitartrate from the tablet amounted to 112%.
(17) The use of the calcium antagonistic drug D600 considerably reduced the degree of myocardial damage produced by a standard dose of isoprenaline bitartrate.
(18) One hour before blood flow determination, 10 microliter of a 0.2% (base) epinephrine bitartrate solution was administered to the right eye of each experimental rabbit by the retrobulbar route.
(19) The safety, tolerability and haemodynamic effects of oral prajmaline bitartrate were assessed in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in 21 patients with stable angina pectoris and coronary artery disease.
(20) These methods have been used to compare the bioavailability in four subjects of a controlled-release formulation of dihydrocodeine bitartrate (equivalent to 90 mg of base) with that of a solution (equivalent to 3 x 30 mg of base).
Tartrate
Definition:
(n.) A salt of tartaric acid.
Example Sentences:
(1) Eight patients were seen within 15 minutes of intranasal self-administration of large amounts of pure D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) tartrate powder.
(2) Nicotine tartrate did not reproduce the effect of CSS.
(3) We have consistently used tissues prepared in this manner for immunohistochemical demonstration of neuropeptides in skeletal tissues and for localizing tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP).
(4) In the second and third groups, blood pressure after endotoxin injection was restored by continuous infusion of norepinephrine tartrate (N group) or by infusion of normal saline and dextran infusion (F group).
(5) Since the reaction is inhibited at -20 degrees C, complete infiltration of blocks is achieved within 3 d. Polymerization took place at +4 degrees C. The method provides undecalcified bone sections suitable for histomorphometric analysis of osteoid tissue, tetracycline bone labeling and Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase.
(6) In the presence of captopril and the ganglion blocker, pentolinium tartrate, the AVP-mediated recovery in BP was impaired in STZ-treated Long-Evans rats.
(7) In an initial effort to address this adherence problem thirty-four recurrent migraine sufferers were randomized to abortive therapy with ergotamine tartrate plus caffeine (standard abortive therapy) or to standard abortive therapy accompanied by a brief educational intervention designed to facilitate the migraine sufferer's effective use of ergotamine.
(8) A tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase stain was used to confirm the diagnosis in each case.
(9) 30 women received an intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg of methylergobasine immediately after delivery and then 3 tablets of 1 mg of ergotamine tartrate per mouth daily for 6 days post-partum.
(10) Band 5 represents the only tartrate-resistant form and is present in bone osteoclasts and in human alveolar macrophages (AMs).
(11) The chemistry, pharmacology, uses, side effects, pharmacokinetics and dosage of butorphanol tartrate, a narcotic analgesic with antagonist properties, are reviewed.
(12) Affinity cross-linking experiments with the homobifunctional cross-linking reagents disuccinimidyl suberate, disuccinimidyl tartrate, and dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) resulted in the identification of a receptor protein with a Mr of 130,000 on five out of the seven cell types examined.
(13) Stable incubation medium was achieved by using tartrate, instead of maleate, as chelating for lead.
(14) The enzyme, of Mr 118,000, optimum pH 6-6.2 and pI 7.4-7.5, was inhibited by EDTA, tartrate, adenine and ATP, but not by fluoride.
(15) As an extension of these studies, the present paper first reports (i) an experimental investigation of the tendency of four dicarboxylic acids, namely malate, malonate, tartrate and maleate, to mixed-ligand coordination with zinc and histamine, (ii) computer-based potential effects to be expected from the association of these agents to zinc with respect to histamine tissue diffusion.
(16) In prostatic cancer patients with elevated serum acid phosphatase levels it is possible to detect humoral circulating PAP antigen by standard immunoelectrophoretic methods and to confirm the existence of the enzyme by radioautography, L-tartrate inhibition, and the Gomori or Burstone staining procedures.
(17) This floating layer can be obtained with several nonionic detergents including Tween 80 and under a salt saturation of 55% with ammonium sulfate, potassium tartrate, and sodium phosphate.
(18) It could be shown that many leukemic cells in both blood smears and lymph node imprints contained tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity.
(19) The other acid phosphatase is relatively heat stable (approximately 30% inactivated), insensitive to tartrate (greater than 5.0% inhibited using 1.8 mM Na tartrate) exhibits a somewhat higher pH optimum (approximately 6.0) and is more substrate specific (6X more active toward glucose-6-PO4 than beta-glycerophosphate).
(20) The enzyme was inhibited by ammonium molybdate, NaF and CuSO4 but not by tartrate and SH-reagents.