What's the difference between brachiate and decussate?
Brachiate
Definition:
(a.) Having branches in pairs, decussated, all nearly horizontal, and each pair at right angles with the next, as in the maple and lilac.
Example Sentences:
(1) If the forces exerted on the limb skeleton during brachiation indeed differ greatly from those of other locomotor modes, then the changes in skeletal loading accompanying a shift in locomotor behaviour could favour alterations in skeletal morphology in brachiating lineages.
(2) Brachiation (sensu stricto, i.e., hand-over-hand suspensory locomotion) was observed in low frequencies among chimpanzees, and its significance for chimpanzee anatomy is judged slight.
(3) The slender elongated form that is characteristic of the forelimb long bones of gibbons (Hylobates) has long been attributed to their functional adaptation to habitual armswinging locomotion, although potential selective advantages of this morphology for brachiation have yet to be demonstrated.
(4) In the great apes knuckle walking and brachiation seems to interfere with a full-fledged pollical-digital interplay, the latter function being considered to constitute the structural base of optimalization collecting afferent information, requiring brain development, which opens up categories as abstraction, design and freedom.
(5) Most of the other morphological traits characteristic of modern hominoids can be explained as adaptations to cautious quadrupedalism as well as to brachiation, and may have developed for different reasons in different lineages descended from an unspecialized cautious quadruped resembling Alouatta.
(6) All the genera concerned use brachiation or probably have brachiating ancestors.
(7) Siamang use four patterns of locomotion: brachiation, climbing, bipedalism and leaping.
(8) The positional behavior of spider monkeys fits closely recent views of major adaptive changes in hominoid evolution emphasizing brachiation and speed during travel.
(9) In vivo skeletal strain patterns recorded by using radiotelemetry during brachiation indicate that the forelimb bones of the gibbon are loaded in substantial tension and show reduced bending and compression in comparison with those of other mammals.
(10) The locomotor specializations displayed by the investigated species were leaping, quadrupedal walking or running on the ground, quadrupedal climbing, and brachiation.
(11) Travel is primarily by brachiation along large boughs.
Decussate
Definition:
(v. t.) To cross at an acute angle; to cut or divide in the form of X; to intersect; -- said of lines in geometrical figures, rays of light, nerves, etc.
(a.) Alt. of Decussated
Example Sentences:
(1) All of these connections are in varying degree bilateral, with decussations in the supramammillary region, ventral tegmental area and median raphe nucleus.
(2) In this study of the young chick we examine the effects of unilateral or bilateral eye enucleation on the number of axons in the supraoptic decussation, a major interhemispheric tract subserving visual function.
(3) Since such rats supposedly have a normal pigment distribution and a normal pattern of decussation at the optic chiasm, this finding appears to undermine the suggested role played by stalk melanin in establishing the laterality of retinal fibre projections in other mammalian species.
(4) No evidence for a differential decussation of fore-limb and hind-limb fibers was found.
(5) These include the paraventricular and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei, the linear raphe nucleus, nucleus interfascicularis, and in neurons embedded in the fibres of the dorsal tegmental decussation.
(6) This case provides evidence for the P14 generator being located at the pontine level, in relation to a lemniscal area above the decussation of the somatosensory pathway.
(7) Unlike the cat, there is no difference in retinal decussation patterns in wild-type sable ferrets and heterozygous ferrets carrying one albino gene.
(8) The decussation patterns of retinal ganglion cells in adult pigmented and albino ferrets were determined from the distribution of cells labelled after large unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase into the visual pathway, involving the lateral geniculate nucleus and fibres of passage to the superior colliculus.
(9) Injections into SI barrel cortex-labeled pyramidal fibers that decussated at all levels of the V brain stem complex, though crossing fibers were most numerous in the pyramidal decussation and pons.
(10) Anatomopathologic findings in the two cases show that the OPT runs in front of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus or in the lateral tegmentum and that it decussates, at least once, below the upper pons.
(11) We conclude that the brainstem stimulation technique would be clinically useful for localization of lesions in the corticospinal tract; the primary lesion can be localized whether above or below the pyramidal decussation.
(12) These spinally decussating neurons provide a possible anatomical substrate for the respiratory reflex known as the crossed phrenic phenomenon.
(13) For comparison, a stimulating electrode was placed in the fourth ventricle at the decussation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle where both MOC and LOC efferents are present (midline-OCB stimulation).
(14) Release of 5-HT (rarely more than 2 ng) was only obtained on stimulation of these two nuclei, whereas ACh was released by stimulating many points, such as the reticular formation or the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles, but not the two raphe nuclei.4.
(15) Our study suggested an association between a lack of normal decussation of retinal fibers in the optic chiasm, and reversed visual tracking and congenital nystagmus.
(16) The patterns of decussation of the different classes of retinal ganglion cells in both New World (Saimiri sciureus) and Old World (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys have been determined by horseradish peroxidase injection.
(17) Midsagittal mesencephalic transections eliminated not only crossed excitatory but also ipsilateral inhibitory CS action on LR-MNs indicating that underlying pathways undergo decussation within the midbrain.
(18) Different morphological classes of retinal ganglion cells hence show characteristic axon behaviour both in their decussation at the chiasm and in which targets they innervate.
(19) Thus, in the first week of life functional asymmetry is present but not dependent on left-to-right side coupling via the supraoptic decussation.
(20) Upon reaching adulthood, rats were either given unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase into target visual nuclei in order to discriminate (1) ganglion cells from displaced amacrine cells, (2) decussating from non-decussating ganglion cells, and (3) alpha cells from other ganglion cell types; or, their retinae were immunohistochemically processed to reveal the choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer.