(n.) The whitish mass of soft matter (the center of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition) which is inclosed in the cartilaginous or bony cranium of vertebrate animals. It is simply the anterior termination of the spinal cord, and is developed from three embryonic vesicles, whose cavities are connected with the central canal of the cord; the cavities of the vesicles become the central cavities, or ventricles, and the walls thicken unequally and become the three segments, the fore-, mid-, and hind-brain.
(n.) The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other invertebrates.
(n.) The organ or seat of intellect; hence, the understanding.
(n.) The affections; fancy; imagination.
(v. t.) To dash out the brains of; to kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig.: To destroy; to put an end to; to defeat.
(v. t.) To conceive; to understand.
Example Sentences:
(1) Here we have asked whether protection from blood-borne antigens afforded by the blood-brain barrier is related to the lack of MHC expression.
(2) The extents of phospholipid hydrolysis were relatively low in brain homogenates, synaptic plasma membranes and heart ventricular muscle.
(3) First results let us assume that clinically silent TIAs also (in analogy to clinically silent brain infarctions) could be detected and located.
(4) Brain and ganglia of embryonic Periplaneta americana were grown for 2 to 3 weeks in a chemically defined medium.
(5) The results indicated that neuropsychological measures may serve to broaden the concept of intelligence and that a brain-related criterion may contribute to a fuller understanding of its nature.
(6) To quantify the size of the lesion in mice, the area of the infarct on the brain surface was assessed planimetrically 48 h after MCA occlusion by transcardial perfusion of carbon black.
(7) However, CT will be insensitive in the detection of the more cephalic proximal lesions, especially those in the brain stem, basal cisterns, and skull base.
(8) The fine structure of neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampal gyrus, substantia nigra, pontine nuclei and locus coeruleus of the brain was postmortem studied in a case of progressive supranuclear palsy.
(9) We similarly evaluated the ability of other phospholipids to form stable foam at various concentrations and ethanol volume fractions and found: bovine brain sphingomyelin greater than dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine greater than egg sphingomyelin greater than egg lecithin greater than phosphatidylglycerol.
(10) This study examined the [3H]5-HT-releasing properties of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and related agents, all of which cause significant release of [3H]5-HT from rat brain synaptosomes.
(11) In the present investigation we monitored the incorporation of [14C] from [U-14C]glucose into various rat brain glycolytic intermediates of conscious and pentobarbital-anesthetized animals.
(12) Cranial MRI revealed delayed myelination in the white matter but no brain malformation.
(13) When compared with lissencephalic species, a great horizontal fibrillary system (which is vertically arranged in gyral regions) was observed in convoluted brains.
(14) In more than 70 per cent of these, brain injury is the decisive lethal factor.
(15) Brain damage may be followed by a number of dynamic events including reactive synaptogenesis, rerouting of axons to unusual locations and altered axon retraction processes.
(16) Based on our results, we propose the following hypotheses for the neurochemical mechanisms of motion sickness: (1) the histaminergic neuron system is involved in the signs and symptoms of motion sickness, including vomiting; (2) the acetylcholinergic neuron system is involved in the processes of habituation to motion sickness, including neural store mechanisms; and (3) the catecholaminergic neuron system in the brain stem is not related to the development of motion sickness.
(17) The regional distribution of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes was found to be similar to that seen in the rat brain.
(18) We assessed changes in brain water content, as reflected by changes in tissue density, during the early recirculation period following severe forebrain ischemia.
(19) If tracer is introduced into the carotid artery after osmotic treatment, brain uptake is increased by a net factor of 50 (a factor of 70 due to elevation of PA, multiplied by 7 due to infusion by the carotid route) as compared to uptake by normal, untreated brain with infusion into a peripheral vein.
(20) This study examined both the effect of variations in optical fiber tip and in light wavelength on laser-induced hyperthermia in rat brain.
Contrecoup
Definition:
(n.) A concussion or shock produced by a blow or other injury, in a part or region opposite to that at which the blow is received, often causing rupture or disorganisation of the parts affected.
Example Sentences:
(1) The tightly encased raptor eye, with its anteriorly placed scleral ossicles, may have rendered the eye more susceptible to contrecoup damage.
(2) Three cases are presented which document the finding that 10-0 monofilament nylon suture may cut through corneal tissue after a coup or contrecoup injury to a recently operated eye.
(3) During impact if the head is on a solid stand, such as the metal table, a contrecoup lesion is seen at the opposite end from the impact site.
(4) In investigation of living persons, it may be difficult to decide whether haemorrhages in the region of the orbit and its vicinity result from a direct blunt force or derive from fractures of the base of the skull, especially contrecoup fractures.
(5) Basal contusions of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, occurring as a contrecoup as a rule, are particularly severe and are marked by a high mortality.
(6) Only in cases with latero-lateral direction of traumatizing force (control group) coup-contrecoup lesions were found more frequently.
(7) The results are interpreted as reflecting left hemisphere damage due to contrecoup injury.
(8) Those with traumatic palsy may be due to "contrecoup" trauma at the decussation of the nerves or by decompensation of the cerebral fusional mechanism, with dissociation of the images of the two eyes and subsequent vertical deviation.
(9) Associated CT findings of the supratentorial region were noted in 18 cases (82%), and most of them showed contrecoup injuries in the frontal region.
(10) CT can promptly not only a posterior fossa hematoma, but also accompanied supratentorial lesions (concrecoup injury etc) simultaneously, therefore one can expect that there are not errors any more with CT to overlook the supratentorial contrecoup injury.
(11) Another point proved was that in blows dealt in these directions the highest incidence of subdural haemorrhage was due to significantly more frequent development of bleeding in the group of middle-aged persons over 50, and that at the site of contrecoup.
(12) We report an unusual type of a bilateral extradural hematoma: one due to direct injury and another due to the contrecoup effect.
(13) Contrecoup fractures become of forensic medical significance when symptoms of a frontobasal injury occur for the first time after trauma which has occurred some time in the past and when the question arises as to the causal connection with the original trauma.
(14) The necrosis results from the direct force of the injury striking the globe although a contrecoup mechanism may explain cases of nasal necrosis.
(15) In our material (n = 171 falls on the same level and on or from stairs), the overall frequency of contrecoup fractures of the anterior cranial fossa in fatal cranio-cerebral trauma due to falls was 12%, as compared to 24% with occipital point of impact of the head.
(16) The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic appearance of this contrecoup lesion is identical to the acute traumatic retinal opacity in humans.
(17) Contrecoup fractures of the base of the skull are regarded as rare in the clinical literature.
(18) The authors describe the frequency, pathological features, and significance of contrecoup fractures of the anterior cranial fossae, which occur commonly when falls with occipital or temporal impacts cause fatal head injuries.
(19) Contrecoup contusiions result from injury to the brain surface in the frontotemporal area as the moving brain impacts the rough and irregular bony interior.
(20) Aphasic signs could thus be due to the left lesion, which was the result of a contrecoup mechanism.