(n.) The whitish mass of soft matter (the center of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition) which is inclosed in the cartilaginous or bony cranium of vertebrate animals. It is simply the anterior termination of the spinal cord, and is developed from three embryonic vesicles, whose cavities are connected with the central canal of the cord; the cavities of the vesicles become the central cavities, or ventricles, and the walls thicken unequally and become the three segments, the fore-, mid-, and hind-brain.
(n.) The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other invertebrates.
(n.) The organ or seat of intellect; hence, the understanding.
(n.) The affections; fancy; imagination.
(v. t.) To dash out the brains of; to kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig.: To destroy; to put an end to; to defeat.
(v. t.) To conceive; to understand.
Example Sentences:
(1) Here we have asked whether protection from blood-borne antigens afforded by the blood-brain barrier is related to the lack of MHC expression.
(2) The extents of phospholipid hydrolysis were relatively low in brain homogenates, synaptic plasma membranes and heart ventricular muscle.
(3) First results let us assume that clinically silent TIAs also (in analogy to clinically silent brain infarctions) could be detected and located.
(4) Brain and ganglia of embryonic Periplaneta americana were grown for 2 to 3 weeks in a chemically defined medium.
(5) The results indicated that neuropsychological measures may serve to broaden the concept of intelligence and that a brain-related criterion may contribute to a fuller understanding of its nature.
(6) To quantify the size of the lesion in mice, the area of the infarct on the brain surface was assessed planimetrically 48 h after MCA occlusion by transcardial perfusion of carbon black.
(7) However, CT will be insensitive in the detection of the more cephalic proximal lesions, especially those in the brain stem, basal cisterns, and skull base.
(8) The fine structure of neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampal gyrus, substantia nigra, pontine nuclei and locus coeruleus of the brain was postmortem studied in a case of progressive supranuclear palsy.
(9) We similarly evaluated the ability of other phospholipids to form stable foam at various concentrations and ethanol volume fractions and found: bovine brain sphingomyelin greater than dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine greater than egg sphingomyelin greater than egg lecithin greater than phosphatidylglycerol.
(10) This study examined the [3H]5-HT-releasing properties of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and related agents, all of which cause significant release of [3H]5-HT from rat brain synaptosomes.
(11) In the present investigation we monitored the incorporation of [14C] from [U-14C]glucose into various rat brain glycolytic intermediates of conscious and pentobarbital-anesthetized animals.
(12) Cranial MRI revealed delayed myelination in the white matter but no brain malformation.
(13) When compared with lissencephalic species, a great horizontal fibrillary system (which is vertically arranged in gyral regions) was observed in convoluted brains.
(14) In more than 70 per cent of these, brain injury is the decisive lethal factor.
(15) Brain damage may be followed by a number of dynamic events including reactive synaptogenesis, rerouting of axons to unusual locations and altered axon retraction processes.
(16) Based on our results, we propose the following hypotheses for the neurochemical mechanisms of motion sickness: (1) the histaminergic neuron system is involved in the signs and symptoms of motion sickness, including vomiting; (2) the acetylcholinergic neuron system is involved in the processes of habituation to motion sickness, including neural store mechanisms; and (3) the catecholaminergic neuron system in the brain stem is not related to the development of motion sickness.
(17) The regional distribution of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes was found to be similar to that seen in the rat brain.
(18) We assessed changes in brain water content, as reflected by changes in tissue density, during the early recirculation period following severe forebrain ischemia.
(19) If tracer is introduced into the carotid artery after osmotic treatment, brain uptake is increased by a net factor of 50 (a factor of 70 due to elevation of PA, multiplied by 7 due to infusion by the carotid route) as compared to uptake by normal, untreated brain with infusion into a peripheral vein.
(20) This study examined both the effect of variations in optical fiber tip and in light wavelength on laser-induced hyperthermia in rat brain.
Fornix
Definition:
(n.) An arch or fold; as, the fornix, or vault, of the cranium; the fornix, or reflection, of the conjuctiva.
(n.) Esp., two longitudinal bands of white nervous tissue beneath the lateral ventricles of the brain.
Example Sentences:
(1) The perforant pathway and fimbria fornix were transected to label afferent fibers to NPY-positive cells.
(2) One month after unilateral transection of the fimbria-fornix an almost complete lack of cholinergic fibers persists in all layers of the dorsal hippocampus and fascia dentata ipsilateral to the lesion when compared to the contralateral hippocampus or to unlesioned control rats.
(3) At a depth of 0.5-1.5 cm from the lateral vaginal fornix there were three different arteries in each woman.
(4) The most important is the afferent system from the fornix, it terminates in the antero-dorso-medial part of L.D.
(5) The only variable was the type of conjunctival flap used: one eye received a limbal-based flap and the other a fornix-based flap.
(6) Septal efferent fibers from the neurons in the medial septal nucleus are destroyed by fimbria-fornix aspirative lesion.
(7) Here the fornix-transected group was impaired but the group with sulcus principalis ablations was normal.
(8) Lesion of the fimbria-fornix resulted in a reduction of cholinergic input to the hippocampal formation as indicated by the loss of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive staining in all ipsilateral hippocampal laminae and a loss of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding to cholinergic terminals in the strata oriens (82% reduction) and radiatum (77% reduction) of areas CA2 and CA3 and in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (83% reduction).
(9) Transfer of fluid by a glass rod from the lateral part of the inferior fornix was demonstrated to be the most suitable method, showing the highest sensitivity to leucocyte-esterase (83%, N = 120, p < 0.05) and with a specificity equal to that of the other methods tested (cotton, spongostan, Schirmer paper strip).
(10) Projections from the ventral subiculum reach the BST mainly by way of the precommissural fornix, and provide rather dense inputs to the anterodorsal area as well as the transverse and interfascicular nuclei.
(11) The projections form part of multisynaptic chains within the hippocampal region and must also be implicated in output routes for hippocampal activity additional to the fimbria-fornix system.
(12) When the septal area in young adult rats is denervated by a lesion of the fimbria-fornix, adrenergic fibers proliferate within the denervated area.
(13) Total lesions of the septum or superior fornix abolished theta and increased the frequency of self stimulation.
(14) The metabolic patterns and responses of phenylalanine to the 1st cold exposure were altered by lesioning the periventricular arcuate nucleus (ARC), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), stria terminalis (ST) or dorsal fornix (FX).
(15) 1 group (non-diaphragm) had a 20 mg. suppository inserted every 4 hours high in the vaginal fornix.
(16) Lower nasal fornix (LNf) and adjacent sites, lower middle fornix (LMf) and lower nasal tarsal (LNt), had the highest mean densities of goblet cells.
(17) Injections of colchicine placed into the body of the fornix produced similar results.
(18) Atrophic gastritis occurres especially near the anastomosis and decreases in the direction of the fornix.
(19) The lesions are characteristically localized in the "centro-axial" regions of the brain involving most frequently: corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, fornix, tela chorioidea, peri- and para-ventricular zone, infundibulobasal region and cingulum; this pattern also includes lesions of the hippocampal area, upper brainstem, pontocerebellar complex, and parasagittal areas of the cerebrum.
(20) The best results regarding function and pain reduction have been obtained by the Neer prosthesis, but the lack of cranial support ("fornix humeri") and the ovalization of the head seem to be responsible for some cases of upward migration of the head of the prosthesis.