(n.) Respiration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air.
(n.) Air in gentle motion.
(n.) Any gentle influence or operation; inspiration; as, the breathings of the Spirit.
(n.) Aspiration; secret prayer.
(n.) Exercising; promotion of respiration.
(n.) Utterance; communication or publicity by words.
(n.) Breathing place; vent.
(n.) Stop; pause; delay.
(n.) Also, in a wider sense, the sound caused by the friction of the outgoing breath in the throat, mouth, etc., when the glottis is wide open; aspiration; the sound expressed by the letter h.
(n.) A mark to indicate aspiration or its absence. See Rough breathing, Smooth breathing, below.
Example Sentences:
(1) The 14C-aminopyrine breath test was used to measure liver function in 14 normal subjects, 16 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 14 alcoholics without cirrhosis, and 29 patients taking a variety of drugs.
(2) The adaptive filter processor was tested for retrospective identification of artifacts in 20 male volunteers who performed the following specific movements between epochs of quiet, supine breathing: raising arms and legs (slowly, quickly, once, and several times), sitting up, breathing deeply and rapidly, and rolling from a supine to a lateral decubitus position.
(3) Four showed bronchodilation after a deep breath, indicating that this response can occur after extrinsic pulmonary denervation in man.
(4) We investigated the possible contribution made by oropharyngeal microfloral fermentation of ingested carbohydrate to the generation of the early, transient exhaled breath hydrogen rise seen after carbohydrate ingestion.
(5) We studied the effect of a 2-hour exposure to 0.6 ppm of ozone on bronchial reactivity in 8 healthy, nonsmoking subjects by measuring the increase in airway resistance (Raw) produced by inhalation of histamine diphosphate aerosol (1.6 per cent, 10 breaths).
(6) Base-line HPV was determined by measuring the change in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) while sheep breathed 12% O2 for 7 min.
(7) Of great influence on the results of measurements are preparation and registration (warm-up-time, amplification, closeness of pressure-system, unhurt catheters), factors relating to equipment and methods (air-bubbles in pressure-system, damping by filters, continuous infusion of the micro-catheter, level of zero-pressure), factors which occur during intravital measurement (pressure-drop along the arteria pulmonalis, influence of normal breathing, great intrapleural pressure changes, pressure damping in the catheter by thrombosis and external disturbances) and last not least positive and negative acceleration forces, which influence the diastolic and systolic pulmonary artery pressure.
(8) A relative net reduction of 47% in lactose malabsorption was produced by adding food, and the peak-rise in breath H2 was delayed by 2 hours.
(9) The most common patient complaint before starting therapy was shortness of breath.
(10) The patient and ventilator work ratios, and the work of breathing quantify factors which may be directly useful to the clinician and to future systems to automate weaning.
(11) Many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) receiving supplemental oxygen state that this treatment makes them less short of breath at rest.
(12) When the first recordings of each of infants who died of SIDS, except one who had cyanotic episodes prior to death, were compared to recordings of survivors (six for each case) closely matched for age, gestation, and weight at birth, no differences in breathing patterns or heart or respiratory rates during regular breathing could be demonstrated.
(13) The rabbits were either breathing spontaneously or were ventilated by a phrenic nerve-controlled servorespirator without the use of muscle relaxants.
(14) Possible explanations of the clinical gains include 1) psychological encouragement, 2) improvements of mechanical efficiency, 3) restoration of cardiovascular fitness, thus breaking a vicous circle of dyspnoea, inactivity and worsening dyspnoea, 4) strengthening of the body musculature, thus reducing the proportion of anaerobic work, 5) biochemical adaptations reducing glycolysis in the active tissues, and 6) indirect responses to such factors as group support, with advice on smoking habits, breathing patterns and bronchial hygiene.
(15) For these augmented breaths, tidal volume, inspiratory time, and expiratory time were not different from the next augmented breath occurring in the same run in the steady state.
(16) Eight men and eight women each performed peak oxygen intake tests on a cycle ergometer breathing ambient air and a mixture of 12% oxygen in nitrogen (equivalent to an altitude of 4400 m) in the two experiments.
(17) Although the level of ventilation is maintained constant during eating and drinking, the pattern of breathing becomes increasingly irregular.
(18) We conclude that: 1) the effective capillary PO2 in the fetal brain can be significantly reduced by increasing the distance between non-methemoglobin-laden erythrocytes in capillaries and 2) hypoxic inhibition of fetal breathing probably arises from discrete areas of the brain having a PO2 less than 3 Torr.
(19) He was fighting to breathe.” The decision on her father’s case came just 10 days after a grand jury in Ferguson, Missouri, found there was not enough evidence to indict a white police officer for shooting dead an unarmed black teenager called Michael Brown.
(20) No change in breathing frequency, minute ventilation, and pulmonary gas exchange was observed.
Spiracle
Definition:
(n.) The nostril, or one of the nostrils, of whales, porpoises, and allied animals.
(n.) One of the external openings communicating with the air tubes or tracheae of insects, myriapods, and arachnids. They are variable in number, and are usually situated on the sides of the thorax and abdomen, a pair to a segment. These openings are usually elliptical, and capable of being closed. See Illust. under Coleoptera.
(n.) A tubular orifice communicating with the gill cavity of certain ganoid and all elasmobranch fishes. It is the modified first gill cleft.
(n.) Any small aperture or vent for air or other fluid.
Example Sentences:
(1) The spiracular organ is a tube (skate) or pouch (shark) with a single pore opening into the spiracle.
(2) Therefore the interneurones have reciprocal effects on the antagonistic motoneurones of the spiracles.
(3) The spiracular organ is a lateral line derived receptor associated with the first gill cleft (spiracle).
(4) The LKIR neurons in the abdominal ganglia form efferent axons supplying the lateral cardiac nerves, spiracles, and the segmental perivisceral organs.
(5) During the process of emergence this gas moves into the exuvial space through the adult spiracles and then follows the exuvial fluid into the alimentary canal.
(6) Three Drosophila genes have been identified that are important in controlling the development of the head, two of which, empty spiracles and orthodenticle, have been cloned and shown to contain a homeobox.
(7) The second stage is sensitive to 31 degrees and coincides with the period of black rings formation on anterior spiracles in the 3rd laval instar.
(8) The final model which includes both tympana and spiracles is able to simulate both the hearing directionality and, in part, the frequency selectivity of the system.
(9) The reduced spiracles play little or no role in gill ventilation.
(10) Spiracles of insects open in high carbon dioxide tensions and close in high oxygen tensions.
(11) Rickettsiae-like structures were found in the salivary gland cells of Drosophila auraria during different larval and prepupal developmental stages, from the early 3rd instar up to 14 hr after spiracle inversion.
(12) The closer muscles of the left and the right spiracles of a thoracic segment are both innervated by two motoneurones, which spike in a variety of patterns during expiration.
(13) The closer motoneurones of each thoracic spiracle whose somata are in the pro-, meso- or metathoracic ganglia all receive the same excitatory synaptic inputs.
(14) They influence three aspects of ventilation; (a) the closing and opening movements of the thoracic spiracles, (b) some aspects of abdominal pumping movements and (c) the recruitment of some motoneurones controlling head pumping.
(15) We report here that three previously identified zygotic genes buttonhead (btd), empty spiracles (ems) and orthodenticle (otd) may behave like gap genes that mediate bcd function in the embryonic head.
(16) The dominant oscillator overrides local oscillators in the abdominal ganglia and thus sets the rhythm for the entire abdomen, and it also controls spiracle opening and closing in several thoracic and abdominal segments.
(17) Posterior spiracles of newly hatched first instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (DeVill.)
(18) The empty spiracles (ems) gene of Drosophila melanogaster is necessary for proper head formation and the development of the posterior spiracles.
(19) Despite this, the spiracles of one segment may remain shut while those on other segments continue to open and close rhythmically.
(20) We show that two genes, lines and empty spiracles, act downstream of tailless to repress central and promote terminal cell fates along the anteroposterior axis of the termini.