(n.) One of the elements, related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. Atomic weight 79.8. Symbol Br. It is a deep reddish brown liquid of a very disagreeable odor, emitting a brownish vapor at the ordinary temperature. In combination it is found in minute quantities in sea water, and in many saline springs. It occurs also in the mineral bromyrite.
Example Sentences:
(1) Samples of raw cereals imported in Italy and of other foodstuffs that can be treated with bromine-containing fumigants were analysed for the total bromide content.
(2) The normal levels of bromine in human tissue are given and their use in the interpretation of levels found when over-exposure is a possibility is described.
(3) Z-DNA antigen was prepared against poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), which had been converted to the Z-helix conformation in high salt and then stabilized by bromination.
(4) It is found that each of these polymers, including those with brominated bases and those with the four different bases, have a characteristic negative feature at short wavelengths when in the Z form.
(5) Synthesis of hexabromonaphthalenes (HBNs) by direct bromination of naphthalene results in a mixture of two isomers.
(6) In this report the accuracy of this method is established by comparison of spin-label quenching to that obtained using brominated lipids.
(7) 8-Bromo-2'-omicron-acetylinosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate and 8-[(p-chlorophenyl)thio]-2'-omicron-acetylinosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate were produced by acylation of 8-bromoinosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate and 8-[(p-chlorophenyl)thio]inosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate, respectively; while 8-bromo-2'-omicron-butyrylguanosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate was synthesized by bromination of 2'-omicron-butyrylguanosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate.
(8) [14C]Bromomisonidazole was prepared by direct bromination of [ring-2] [14C]misonidazole in dioxane.
(9) In November 1984, because of an accident at a chemical plant, the population of a large area in the town of Geneva, Switzerland, was exposed to toxic bromine gas during several hours at concentrations above the short-term exposure limit.
(10) The absolute configuration of the compound was determined by X-ray structure analysis of its dihydrobromide using the anomalous dispersion of bromine.
(11) The hepatic levels of triglycerides, total proteins and glycogen, as well as the weight gain and caloric intake of the animals which were fed 0.1 g of brominated oil per 100 g diet, were similar to those of the control group.
(12) Substrate specificity towards chlorinated and brominated substrates was limited to short chain monosubstituted 2-halocarboxylic acids.
(13) The minor isomer is definitively identified as 2,3,4,5,6,7-HBN by high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis of brominated [1-13C]naphthalene-derived products.
(14) None of the patients developed brominism or bromine intoxication.
(15) Electrophilic substitution (chlorination, bromination, and iodination) was effected at the C-5 position of compound 3 with N-chlorosuccinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, and iodine monochloride, respectively, in methylene chloride.
(16) Various soluble tracers were evaluated, among them indium, scandium, and bromine.
(17) This allows a bromine (microgram) to chlorine (mg) ratio to be established (3.2) above which bromine exposure must be considered.
(18) Both dehalogenases show a broad substrate specificity, allowing the degradation of bromine- and chlorine-substituted organic compounds.
(19) The relationship among iodine, bromine and chlorine concentrations in cow's milk samples in Japan was studied with a regression analysis.
(20) The first enzyme was a halophenol para-hydroxylase, a membrane-associated monooxygenase that required molecular oxygen and catalyzed the para-hydroxylation and dehalogenation of chlorinated, fluorinated, and brominated phenols to the corresponding halogenated hydroquinones.
Halogen
Definition:
(n.) An electro-negative element or radical, which, by combination with a metal, forms a haloid salt; especially, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; sometimes, also, fluorine and cyanogen. See Chlorine family, under Chlorine.
Example Sentences:
(1) 5-Bromo-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine (11, ABrU) and 5-iodo-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine (12, AIU) were prepared by halogenation of the 5-mercuriacetate of 5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine.
(2) Such disturbances may be induced by opiates, benzodiazepines, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, ketamine, etomidate, propofol, nitrous oxide, and halogenated inhalation anesthetics as well as by H2-blocking agents such as cimetidine.
(3) It is concluded that both halogenated and natural purine ribonucleotides interact in a similar manner with the enzyme molecule.
(4) The flumazenil analogue, Ro 16-0154, a benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist, has been labeled by halogen exchange to enable SPECT investigations of central benzodiazepine receptors in the human brain.
(5) The estrogen receptor seems to have a moderate tolerance for bulky substituents: All of the halogen and halomethyl substituents bind with an affinity at least 50% that of estradiol; in the three atom alkyl series, the affinity declined markedly from propargyl (44%) and allyl (38%) to propyl (5%), suggestive of detailed steric constraints or a preference for unsaturation.
(6) Annual savings in tonnes of CO 2 Install 2 kilowatt solar PV panels 0.4 Buy a new A++ refrigerator if yours is more than 4 years old, and only use a small-screen TV 0.1 Use LED or fluorescent lights where you currently have halogen lights installed 0.1 Buy an automated system to turn off appliances when not in use; get a meter that shows actual energy use and use it to monitor your household 0.1 Only use your washing machine and dishwasher when full to capacity and at lowest temperature 0.1 Never use the tumble dryer 0.1 Get rid of the freezer if you can, and replace your small appliances with "eco" varieties 0.1 Car (1.5 tonnes of CO 2 ) There is one car for every two people in the UK, and each one travels an average of about 9,000 miles a year.
(7) We have studied the time-resolved and the steady-state fluorescence of the DNA groove binders 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Hoechst 33258 with the double stranded DNAs poly(dA-dU) and poly(dI-dC) and their halogenated analogs, poly(dA-I5dU) and poly(dI-Br5dC).
(8) Halogenated anthelmintics were not metabolized to GSH conjugates in the helminths studied and did not inhibit GSH-S-aryltransferase activity towards chlorodinitrobenzene.
(9) Replacement of the 6-Cl group of amiloride by other halogen atoms had only modest effects on drug efficacy.
(10) This cannot be explained by metabolic activation of the halogenated hydrocarbons but could be due to a noxious effect on the mitotoc spindle.
(11) These observations indicate that Compound X is the halogenating intermediate in the chlorite reaction and that the rate of enzymatic chlorination is directly related to the stability of Compound X.
(12) As radiation sources, the following ones have proved useful: high-pressure mercury-vapour lamps, compound radiation systems consisting of high-pressure mercury-vapour burner, series coiled filament and reflector bulbs made of special glass as well as halogen metal-vapour lamps.
(13) This result suggests that a benefit may be expected in the clinic from the combined application of halogenated pyrimidines with repair inhibitors, if administered at a carefully screened range of concentrations.
(14) GC detection was carried out with a Coulson conductivity detector in the halogen (reductive) mode.
(15) Glutaraldehyde might inhibit Cl- transport in the TAL by cross-linking amino acid residues of the proteins essential for halogen transport across this segment.
(16) Treatment was administered with white light produced by a commercially available halogen-tungsten lamp.
(17) Various organic substances, which were measured by different indices such as total trihalomethanes (THM), total organic halogen (TOX) and the absorbence at 260 nm, could be recovered by this method much more efficiently and conveniently than by conventional methods.
(18) These results indicate that B cell mitogens act to release virus by a mechanism that differs from that of halogenated pyrimidines.
(19) Stability of halogenated volatile anesthetic is important because of the potential toxicity associated with the breakdown products.
(20) 111 chemicals of known rodent carcinogenicity (49 carcinogens, 62 noncarcinogens), including many promoters of carcinogenesis, nongenotoxic carcinogens, hepatocarcinogens, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were selected for study.