(a.) Belonging to the bronchi and their ramifications in the lungs.
Example Sentences:
(1) Bronchial challenge caused an immediate asthmatic response.
(2) Some of those drugs are able to stimulate the macrophages, even in an aspecific way, via the gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), that is in connection with the bronchial associated lymphatic tissue (BALT).
(3) An inflammatory process than occurs in the airways that is characterized by an influx of eosinophils and neutrophils into the airway epithelium and bronchial fluids.
(4) 278 children with bronchial asthma were medically, socially and psychologically compared to 27 rheumatic and 19 diabetic children.
(5) Thus, human bronchial epithelial cells can express the IL-8 gene, with expression in response to the inflammatory mediator TNF regulated mainly at the transcriptional level, and with elements within the 5'-flanking region of the gene that are directly or indirectly modulated by the TNF signal.
(6) These data suggest that submaximal exercise and cold air exposure enhance nonspecific bronchial reactivity in asthmatic but not in normal subjects.
(7) These findings suggest that aerosolization of ATP into the cystic fibrosis-affected bronchial tree might be hazardous in terms of enhancement of parenchymal damage, which would result from neutrophil elastase release, and in terms of impaired respiratory lung function.
(8) We studied the effect of a 2-hour exposure to 0.6 ppm of ozone on bronchial reactivity in 8 healthy, nonsmoking subjects by measuring the increase in airway resistance (Raw) produced by inhalation of histamine diphosphate aerosol (1.6 per cent, 10 breaths).
(9) Our data indicate that nifedipine decreases bronchial reactivity to methacholine.
(10) Possible explanations of the clinical gains include 1) psychological encouragement, 2) improvements of mechanical efficiency, 3) restoration of cardiovascular fitness, thus breaking a vicous circle of dyspnoea, inactivity and worsening dyspnoea, 4) strengthening of the body musculature, thus reducing the proportion of anaerobic work, 5) biochemical adaptations reducing glycolysis in the active tissues, and 6) indirect responses to such factors as group support, with advice on smoking habits, breathing patterns and bronchial hygiene.
(11) Submaximal contractions of the bronchial muscle evoked by exogenous substance P (2 X 10(-7)M) were less potently inhibited by these drugs than those evoked by exogenous acetylcholine (2 X 10(-6)M).
(12) Rabbits, affected by acute bronchitis, treated orally with the title compounds showed a considerable reduction of the viscosity of the bronchial mucus.
(13) The essentials of standardizations of bronchial provocation tests from the clinical point of view are mentioned.
(14) Twenty-two patients with rhinitis had a negative bronchial challenge, six had a positive.
(15) Autopsy yielded a clinically unrecognised, dedifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the bronchial system.
(16) We describe a premature infant with progressive worsening of unilateral PIE, which was successfully treated by selective bronchial balloon catheterization after failure of conservative management.
(17) The trachea and the bronchial tree (first through seventh order branches) both synthesized alpha1(II) chains.
(18) Among 1813 persons with bronchial carcinoma in the years 1970-1974 475 were treated with surgery; more than 85% being older than 60 years.
(19) Methacholine challenge demonstrated less bronchial hyperreactivity with the combination or cromolyn alone than with terbutaline alone (p less than 0.02).
(20) After pretreatment of pigs with a combination of the H1- and H2-receptor antagonists terfenadine and cimetidine, the vascular and bronchial responses were strongly reduced to both histamine (by greater than 77%) and ascaris (by greater than 58%), but not to capsaicin aerosol.
Bronchiole
Definition:
(n.) A minute bronchial tube.
Example Sentences:
(1) Valvular stenoses of the bronchi and especially of the bronchioles in various types of primary pulmonary disease are of considerable importance etiologically.
(2) Na removal depolarized the smooth muscle membrane to a greater extent in the bronchiole than in the trachealis.
(3) The objective of this research was to determine the effects of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia on postnatal bronchiolar and alveolar growth.
(4) Three had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 2 had pulmonary emphysema, 1 had bronchiolitis and the other had a sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis.
(5) (2) A negative inhalation test does not imply a pure emphysema with out peripheral airway disease, any more than it does irreversible bronchiolitis.
(6) We report 7 cases here of a more rare complication, that of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO).
(7) The lung biopsy specimen showed bronchiolitis, so histological findings were thought to be compatible with ventilatory function.
(8) The consequence of these derangements is often widespread plugging of small bronchi and bronchioles.
(9) We therefore conclude that the clinical management of bronchiolitis requires close monitoring of body wt and plasma osmolality-urinary osmolality relationship; serum sodium levels may be misleading.
(10) There were 116 children with bronchiolitis, 83 (72%) of whom had viral infections; the majority of these children (81%) had RSV infection.
(11) Nitric acid and elastase were injected into the tracheae of Wistar white rats and the effect of bronchiolitis on the pathogenesis of experimental emphysema and cor pulmonale was studied.
(12) The dendritic cells were initially described in lymphoid organs and have been recently shown in the normal human lung at the level of the bronchioles, preferentially in the peribronchiolar connective tissue and in the alveolar parenchyma.
(13) As the severity of the lesions increased so did the number of IgA-, IgG(Fc)- and in several cases non-immunoglobulin staining cells around the vasculature, bronchioles and in the alveolar septa.
(14) This case suggests that obstructive bronchiolitis with hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an etiologic factor of mediastinal emphysema.
(15) It was hypothesized that pathogenic Pasteurella spp and other microorganisms in nasal secretions transfer from the nasopharynx into the lungs by draining along the tracheal floor into ventral bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, and that pasteurella endotoxin, formed in infected lobules, thromboses and occludes lymphatics, capillaries, and veins and thereby causes ischemic necrosis.
(16) We studied 47 excised human lungs in order to examine the relationship between the number of alveolar attachments surrounding bronchioles 2 mm or less in diameter and the presence of small airways disease and overall lung function.
(17) Transbronchial biopsy revealed a lymphocytic bronchiolitis but no evidence of interstitial lung disease and a marked T-suppressor lymphocytosis was found on analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimen.
(18) Histamine hyperresponsiveness with viral bronchiolitis may depend on previous exposures to viruses or to other pathogens.
(19) None of the six ferritin-conjugated lectins showed higher binding in bronchioles compared to the bronchus, suggesting that a high level of surface oligosaccharides is not necessary for resistance to the metaplastic effects of HNE.
(20) Later alveolar septa between adjacent bronchioles became progressively thickened to produce lesions with similarities to human honeycombing.