What's the difference between cacaine and theobromine?
Cacaine
Definition:
(n.) The essential principle of cacao; -- now called theobromine.
Example Sentences:
(1) When neuronal uptake of noradrenaline was inhibited by desmethylimipramine or cacaine, no reduction in responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation was observed with propranolol.
Theobromine
Definition:
(n.) An alkaloidal ureide, C7H8N4O2, homologous with and resembling caffeine, produced artificially, and also extracted from cacao and chocolate (from Theobroma Cacao) as a bitter white crystalline substance; -- called also dimethyl xanthine.
Example Sentences:
(1) A HPLC-method for rapid, simultaneous and specific determination of proxyphylline, theophylline, glyphylline, theobromine, caffeine and 3-methylxanthine using 8-chlorotheophylline as internal standard is presented.
(2) Kinetic experiments indicated that the formation of each of the N-demethylated metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophyline was mediated by both a high- and a low-affinity catalytic site over a substrate concentration range from 0.05 mM to 80.0 mM, although only the high-affinity component is likely to be of any importance at normally encountered in vivo caffeine concentrations.
(3) A study of the fluorescence quenching of human serum albumin (HSA) by caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, based on temperature dependence, has shown that it is predominantly static.
(4) Current concepts about the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of dietary methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine) favor their actions as antagonists of adenosine receptors, and attribute their other possible modes of action, namely those associated with translocation of intracellular calcium, inhibition of phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) activity, or the release of catecholamines, to high (near-toxic) doses.
(5) Similar potentiation was induced when theobromine and the protein synthesis inhibitors were tested.
(6) Theophylline, caffeine and theobromine were less effective.
(7) Although caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine supposedly inhibit maturation of oocytes, studies using the starfish oocyte showed that theobromine does not inhibit maturation and the inhibition caused by caffeine and theophylline is reversible.
(8) Although these results might appear to differ from other reports of inhibition of theobromine elimination after five consecutive daily doses of theobromine in aqueous suspensions, both the rate and extent of absorption of theobromine in chocolate were less than that of theobromine in solution.
(9) Using reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography caffeine, paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine were analysed in blood plasma collected before and after an oral dose of caffeine.
(10) Paraxanthine accounted for 67.3% of the total dimethylxanthines in plasma, while theobromine and theophylline accounted for 24.4% and 8.3%, respectively.
(11) Potentiometric method for determination of papaverine hydrochloride (PAP) and theobromine (Tb) in a mixture, without separation of the components was designed.
(12) Overall, there was relatively little variation in risk of BPED with total methylxanthine intake, or with intake of caffeine or theophylline, while there was a positive association between theobromine intake and risk of BPED, but only when cases were compared with biopsy controls.
(13) After reconstitution in 200 microliter of mobile phase, the extracted xanthines, including theophylline, caffeine, theobromine and 1.7-dimethylxanthine, were baseline-resolved in less than 15 min.
(14) Like enzymes from higher eukaryotes, the activity from Helix pomatia is inhibited by thymidine, theophylline, theobromine nicotinamide, 3-methoxybenzamide and 3-aminobenzamide, and is dependent on histone and DNA.
(15) Theobromine and theophylline have a limited therapeutic use and in addition they occur in plants used in the preparation of a number of widely consumed drinks.
(16) Sertoli cell toxicity could account for these early and subtle effects as well as for the late and severe effects of subchronic exposure of rats to theobromine as reported in the literature.
(17) The metabolic profile of caffeine biotransformation by CYP1A2 averaged 81.5% for paraxanthine, 10.8% for theobromine and 5.4% for theophylline formation.
(18) However, only the primary metabolites were formed through oxidative N-demethylation giving theophylline, paraxanthine and theobromine and, through C-8 hydroxylation, giving 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid and a ring-opened compound the 6-amino-5[N-formylmethylamino]1,3-dimethyl uracil.
(19) It was anticipated that the results would form a basis for discussions relating to the establishment of a threshold value for theobromine in horse urine.
(20) A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure is developed for simultaneously quantitating the levels of caffeine, theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine in breast milk.