(n.) A comparatively rare element related to zinc, and occurring in some zinc ores. It is a white metal, both ductile and malleable. Symbol Cd. Atomic weight 111.8. It was discovered by Stromeyer in 1817, who named it from its association with zinc or zinc ore.
Example Sentences:
(1) This was unlike the action of the calcium channel blocker, cadmium, which reduced the calcium action potential and the a.h.p.
(2) Results suggest that Cd-MT is reabsorbed and broken down by kidney tubule cells in a physiological manner with possible subsequent release of the toxic cadmium ion.
(3) Maximal aberration yields were observed for 2,4-diaminotoluene, 2,6-diaminotoluene and cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside from 17 to 21 h, eugenol from 15 to 21 h, cadmium sulfate from 15 to 24 h and 2-aminobiphenyl, from 17 to 24 h. For adriamycin at 1 microM, the % aberrant cells remained elevated throughout the period from 9 to 29 h, while small increases at 0.1 microM ADR were found only at 13 and at 25 h. For most chemicals the maximal aberration yield occurred at a different time for each concentration tested.
(4) Mice also had a decreased ability to develop delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions while being given cadmium; this abnormality also returned toward normal after withdrawal of cadmium.
(5) As yet the observations demonstrate that workers exposed in their occupation to heavy metals (cadmium, lead, metalic mercury) and organic solvents should be subjected to special control for detection of renal changes.
(6) The N-myc gene (oncogene) is constitutively expressed in untreated Y79 cells but its mRNA levels also decreased following cadmium treatment.
(7) Iron, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, and lead do not interfere.
(8) Although most renal cadmium transport occurs in proximal tubules indirect evidence suggests that distal tubules may also transport this heavy metal.
(9) Cadmium fumes and compounds have been found to be instrumental in the development of some cases of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in Sweden.
(10) In order to determine the specific action of cadmium on bone metabolism, the effect of cadmium on alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker enzyme of osteoblasts, was compared with that of other divalent heavy metal ions, i.e., zinc, manganese, lead, copper, nickel and mercury (10 microM each), using cloned osteoblast-like cells, MC3T3-E1.
(11) Both cadmium and trifluoperazine readily inhibited MLC-CMC, while ADCC was inhibited only to a small extent or not at all.
(12) The calcium channel blocker (cadmium and nifedipine) greatly blocked the effects of adrenaline on the peak and total tension of K+ contractures.
(13) Cadmium, anti-visceral yolk sac antibody (AVYS) and trypan blue all inhibited pinocytosis in a concentration-dependent fashion when added to the culture medium, although at low concentrations trypan blue was slightly stimulatory.
(14) The estimated mean decrement in KCO for a cadmium worker employed 5 or more years with a cumulative exposure of 2000 yr.microgram.m-3 (exposure to the current UK control limit of 50 micrograms.m-3 for a working lifetime of 40 yr) lies between 0.05 and 0.3 mmol.min-1.kPa-1.l-1 (95% confidence interval).
(15) Cadmium and copper content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry from four tissue types; young blade, old blade, young stipe and old stipe.
(16) Beryllium, cadmium, and tellurium assay data are reported for the fresh tissues of albino rats exposed to inorganic chemicals by oral or intraperitoneal routes.
(17) The effect of vitamin E on the cadmium-induced changes of glutathione metabolism was investigated in different brain regions.
(18) High concentrations of mercury, cadmium, and lead have also been observed in urban soils.
(19) In this study, cadmium-induced decreases in bone-mineral content occurred in the PL mice exposed to cadmium at 5 and 50 ppm (see accompanying publication).
(20) Mice are protected from cadmium-induced testicular necrosis by metallothionein, but in this experiment it was shown that cadmium-metallothionein complex injected into mice results in higher cadmium levels in renal cortex and more severe renal tubular cell injury than a comparable dose of cadmium chloride administered by the same route.
Zinc
Definition:
(n.) An abundant element of the magnesium-cadmium group, extracted principally from the minerals zinc blende, smithsonite, calamine, and franklinite, as an easily fusible bluish white metal, which is malleable, especially when heated. It is not easily oxidized in moist air, and hence is used for sheeting, coating galvanized iron, etc. It is used in making brass, britannia, and other alloys, and is also largely consumed in electric batteries. Symbol Zn. Atomic weight 64.9.
(v. t.) To coat with zinc; to galvanize.
Example Sentences:
(1) Zinc in plasma and urine and serum albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were measured in 48 patients with burns.
(2) Adult nonpregnant female rhesus monkeys fed purified diets containing 100 or 4 ppm zinc for 1 yr were mated then studied through midgestation.
(3) Cellular aging is accompanied by increased cellular permeability to zinc(II).
(4) Cytosolic zinc was eluted from a Sephadex G-75 column in the molecular weight region associated with metallothionein.
(5) Serum levels of vitamins A and E, zinc and iron were determined in healthy control subjects and lepromatous leprosy patients belonging to an eastern state of India.
(6) Zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein (ZnGP) was measured in human breast microcysts, breast secretions, breast cyst fluid and serum.
(7) The absorption of zinc from meals based on 60 g of rye, barley, oatmeal, triticale or whole wheat was studied by use of extrinsic labelling with 65Zn and measurement of the whole-body retention of the radionuclide.
(8) In cirrhosis there was a decrease, of zinc (-40%) albumin (-38%) and of activity of ALA D (-48%) and an increase in blood lead (+80%).
(9) The plasma zinc level was significantly lower at the time of onset of zinc deficiency than in normal subjects, before the procedure of TPN, or at the time of symptomatic relief achieved by administration of zinc.
(10) In comparison with animals fed zinc-containing diets, mice fed zinc-deficient diets had reduced numbers of T cells and T-cell subsets, reduced proliferation to mitogens and specific antigen, and a decreased production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), but the number and affinity of IL-2 receptors were not affected.
(11) The contents of magnesium, potassium and zinc plasma did not correlate with the corresponding concentrations in skeletal muscle or circulating blood cells, as investigated in healthy controls, diabetics and in all subjects together, implying that the plasma concentrations are not useful in the assessment of electrolyte status.
(12) A positive association was observed between the prevalence of fatigue, mild abdominal pain, and arthralgia and the blood lead (PbB), urinary lead (PbU), and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels.
(13) Perinatal brain damage produced by early zinc deficiency followed by rehabilitation with adequate zinc appears to be long term, maybe permanent.
(14) The results of these investigations suggest that there is a biochemically significant decrease in the bioavailability of zinc when these artificial formulas are used.
(15) Each repeat unit contains thirty amino acids and is thought to bind a zinc atom using two cysteines and two histidines as ligands.
(16) The same ratio occurred when zinc (0 to 0.6 mM in citrate buffer) was added to semen or washed spermatozoa.
(17) In the present study, maternal and fetal zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) status has been studied in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar rats.
(18) Iron, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, and lead do not interfere.
(19) The addition of zinc to the cell culture medium then led to the expression of hepatitis D antigen associated with, in the short term, a significant reduction in the rate of RNA but not DNA synthesis and, in the longer term, cell death.
(20) In order to determine the specific action of cadmium on bone metabolism, the effect of cadmium on alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker enzyme of osteoblasts, was compared with that of other divalent heavy metal ions, i.e., zinc, manganese, lead, copper, nickel and mercury (10 microM each), using cloned osteoblast-like cells, MC3T3-E1.