(n.) A white, bitter, crystallizable substance, obtained from coffee. It is identical with the alkaloid theine from tea leaves, and with guaranine from guarana.
Example Sentences:
(1) Blood was collected from pups and dams to determine its caffeine concentration.
(2) When caffeine evokes a contraction, and only then, crayfish muscle fibers become refractory to a second challenge with caffeine for up to 20 min in the standard saline (5 mM K(o)).
(3) As expected, chronic administration led to complete tolerance to caffeine's locomotor stimulant effect, while subchronic administration produced sensitization.
(4) Caffeine and 6-methylaminopurine riboside (6-N-methyladenosine differentially inhibit uptake of radioactivity from adenosine and inosine, and thus the vesicles apparently possess seperate transport systems for uptake of radioactivity from purine nucleosides and from uridine.
(5) The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) binding inhibitor, heparin, has no effect on ryanodine binding, and ryanodine and caffeine do not influence the binding of [3H]IP3, which is enriched in the cerebellar fractions.
(6) Post-labeling addition of 1 mM caffeine increased perpetuated blocks to a frequency of about 10% of the initial number of dimers in 4 h in XP16KO-II cells, but not in XP16KO-I and normal cells.
(7) Thus, in human lymphocytes the frequencies of chromatid aberrations induced by most clastogenic agents were strongly enhanced when caffeine was given during the G2 phase, but little affected by post-treatments with caffeine during the S phase.
(8) The Na(+)-induced Ca++ release from the sarcolemmal vesicles was stimulated with caffeine in a concentration-dependent manner; about 80% increase in the activity was observed at 0.1 mM caffeine.
(9) All other dietary constituents, such as protein, fiber, fluid, minerals (including Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P), and caffeine intake, were kept constant.
(10) All calcium, magnesium, and zinc contents per bone decreased in the 1- and 2-mg caffeine groups as compared to either controls or 0.5-mg caffeine group, whereas phosphorus stayed relatively constant regardless of the different levels of caffeine intake.
(11) In the presence of agents that inhibit sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function (10 mM caffeine, 100-500 nM ryanodine), reduction of the [Na] gradient produced increases in contractile force similar to that observed in the absence of caffeine or ryanodine.
(12) On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that screening for malignant hyperpyrexia by in vitro pharmacological testing of skeletal muscle should be carried out at 37 degrees C, and should include exposure of the sample to halothane, caffeine, suxamethonium and potassium rather than to halothane alone.
(13) The mechanism responsible for the potentiated anti-inflammatory and mild analgesic activity of aspirin remains unknown since caffeine did not alter the plasma salicylate levels or prostaglandin synthetase inhibition produced by aspirin.
(14) Their pups continued to consume the caffeine diet until 50 days.
(15) The pups were divided into caffeine and noncaffeine groups.
(16) In this study, eight patients participated in a standardized protocol to assess the effects of caffeine on seizures in ECT.
(17) These patients may have an increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebral excitation associated with higher concentrations of caffeine, which could complicate withdrawal from alcohol.
(18) were elevated significantly (P less than 0.05 at 0.3, 0.6 and 1 h after injection) when caffeine 5 or 10 mg kg-1 i.v.
(19) This study supports the findings of others in that caffeine restriction is an effective means of management of breast pain associated with fibrocystic disease.
(20) Aminophylline and caffeine can mimic this effect; however, papaverine and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, at concentrations inhibitory to phosphodiesterase, are without effect on glucocorticoid receptor binding to DNA.
Ginseng
Definition:
(n.) A plant of the genus Aralia, the root of which is highly valued as a medicine among the Chinese. The Chinese plant (Aralia Schinseng) has become so rare that the American (A. quinquefolia) has largely taken its place, and its root is now an article of export from America to China. The root, when dry, is of a yellowish white color, with a sweetness in the taste somewhat resembling that of licorice, combined with a slight aromatic bitterness.
Example Sentences:
(1) Five dogs were anesthetized without the administration of ginseng.
(2) In this paper, the authors report the therapeutic effects of Ginseng-Aconitum-Bupleurum (GAB) injection on septic shock complicated with DIC induced by intravenous injection of live E. Coli in dogs.
(3) Besides Panax ginseng and Schefflera arboricola, this is the third species of the Araliaceae in which these polyacetylenic sensitizers have been found.
(4) The three potent anti-complementary polysaccharides, GL-PI, GL-PII, and GL-PIV, isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, were subjected to base-catalysed beta-elimination in the presence of sodium borodeuteride or enzymic digestion with endo-alpha-D-(1----4)-polygalacturonase.
(5) Ginsenosides, the saponins of ginseng, are bioactive ingredients which exert many beneficial effects.
(6) Of the 905 cases 562 (62%) had a history of ginseng intake compared to 674 of the 905 controls (75%) a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01).
(7) The yield and contents of ginsenoside of American ginseng in this soilless substrate are a little higher than those in ordinary soil.
(8) This method also yields good results in determining the total saponins in P. ginseng ora solution.
(9) A preparation containing a standardized ginseng extract which has been shown to exert anti-hepatotoxic activity in vitro, combined with trace elements and multi-vitamins was compared to placebo in 24 elderly out-patients with toxin-induced (alcohol and drugs) chronic liver disease in order to evaluate its effect on liver function.
(10) The mathematical model of dry-loss weight of American ginseng during processing is given in this article.
(11) Forty-two recipes are selected from Pen-ts'oa kang-mu and translated into English for the first time to show the various ways by which ginseng is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
(12) We discuss a patient who developed symptoms of asthma after exposure to Pfaffia paniculata root powder used in the manufacturing of Brazil ginseng capsules.
(13) Thus ginseng saponin would be a kind of stressful agent and have different features associated with the stimulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system from several other chemical agents.
(14) However, ginseng did cause an exaggeration of the behavioural responses to mild stress.
(15) The effect of treatment of rats with ginsenosides (extracted from Panax ginseng) on transport of p-aminohippurate (PAH) in renal cortical slices was studied for an in vitro reflection of PAH secretion in the proximal tubules in the kidney.
(16) Studies on the effect of ginseng saponins on the development of tolerance to morphine have been carried out using isolated preparations of guinea-pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD).
(17) White Americans, however, largely disregarded the herbal root medicinal qualities in favor of the lucrative economic gains available from the export of ginseng to supply the Chinese market.
(18) Fifty percent ethanol extracts of both cultured and cultivated ginsengs reduced gastric secretion and acid output in pylorus-ligated rats.
(19) The paper reports a survey of the chemical constituents of Panax ginseng, emphasizing ginseng saponin, polysaccharide, essential oil, and polypeptide, with 30 references.
(20) Water-soluble and alkaline-soluble crude polysaccharides which were separated from the roots or leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, were compared for their anti-ulcer activity.