What's the difference between calculus and tophus?
Calculus
Definition:
(n.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as, biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
(n.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation.
Example Sentences:
(1) The proportion of teeth per child with calculus was approximately 8 percent for supragingival and 4 percent for subgingival calculus.
(2) Attention is drawn to the desirability of differentiating between supra- and sub-gingival calculus in the CPITN scoring system and to the excessive treatment requirements that arise from classifying everyone with calculus as requiring prophylaxis and scaling.
(3) This may be one mechanism in the development of a giant vesical calculus.
(4) Among preventive procedures, most dentists removed plaque or calculus.
(5) Eleven patients spontaneously passed the calculus, ten prior to delivery and one patient postpartum.
(6) Basic laboratory studies then demonstrated that short pulsed laser energy absorbed by the calculus resulted in fragmentation.
(7) Renal calculus removal was successful in over 78.1% of the patients (91.3% for recent 4 months).
(8) Organization of a central laboratory for calculus analysis is recommended.
(9) Nearly half (48%) of this calculus accumulated within the first 3 weeks.
(10) The study has shown that: There is a significant increase in the severity of gingivitis during pregnancy; The gingival changes progressively increase during the course of pregnancy; The gingival changes are more marked than the periodontal changes seen during pregnancy (increase in periodontal disease was seen in only a limited number of cases); There was an appreciable increase in the calculus and debris deposits in the pregnant as compared to the nonpregnant women; Increase in the calculus and debris deposits was apparent in all the trimesters of pregnancy; Gingival changes showed a greater correlation with the calculus and the debris index in the pregnant than in the nonpregnant women; The role of the irritant oral deposits either as a precipitating or perpetuating factor in the genesis of gingivitis during pregnancy can not be excluded.
(11) One hundred and three adults completed a double-blind, 6-month controlled study to assess the effects of rinsing with Plax (Oral Care Division of Pfizer Inc., New York, NY) before brushing on plaque, gingivitis and calculus.
(12) The political calculus here is clear: it is about fighting a battle on two fronts.
(13) In a prospective study, the influence of sole Diclofenac-Na therapy (3 X 25 mg Rewodina, Voltaren) on the calculus recurrence rate of eight frequently relapsing and therapy resistant calcium-oxalate stone patients is analysed.
(14) Calculus was assessed using the Volpe-Manhold Index.
(15) Prior overnight occlusion of the ureter by means of ureteral dilatation further facilitates dislodgment of the calculus, which was successful in 12 of 13 patients.
(16) At concentrations of 4 or 5%, swabbed over molar teeth, it was essentially equally effective in retarding the formation of rat calculus.
(17) Organic phosphonates have been introduced in dentifrices to reduce the formation of dental calculus.
(18) Retrograde nephrostomy and subsequent calculus removal were completed successfully in 90 and 83 per cent of the 30 patients, respectively.
(19) It has been reported that dental calculus contains trace elements of mercury besides lead, cadmium and zinc.
(20) No calculus formation or crystalluria was observed.
Tophus
Definition:
(n.) One of the mineral concretions about the joints, and in other situations, occurring chiefly in gouty persons. They consist usually of urate of sodium; when occurring in the internal organs they are also composed of phosphate of calcium.
(n.) Calcareous tufa.
Example Sentences:
(1) Seven-to-14-week-old pullets from this facility had multifocal renal tubular necrosis leading to interstitial fibrosis, tophus formation, and tubular dilation.
(2) A rare case of gouty tophus localized to the temporomandibular joint is reported on by which alimentary troubles were caused.
(3) After 1 month, the kidneys showed the previously described histologic features of urate-blockade nephropathy characterized by intratubular deposits, tubular injury, and an exudative response consisting of neutrophilic granulocytes with early tophus formation.
(4) The authors report a rare case of tophus situated in the optic nerve and coexisting with aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery.
(5) We describe an elderly woman presenting acutely with tophus formation mimicking infection, in whom diuretic therapy was responsible for her disease.
(6) Almost all the sites of tophus-like deposits of CPPD crystals and the degenerated matrix containing low concentrations of scattered CPPD crystals stained strongly with Sudan III.
(7) In the gout tophus, macrophage migration appears to be at a relatively low level and effectively terminates once these cells have been recruited into the corona.
(8) Tophus formation at the temporomandibular joint with extension into the fossa infratemporalis has been mentioned only three times in the world literature.
(9) A case of extradural gouty tophus in the lumbar region in a teen-age girl is presented as an addition to the differential diagnosis of erosive lesions of the spinal canal.
(10) Both tophus-derived and synthetic crystals appeared to be weak hemolytic agents.
(11) Endoscopic biopsy revealed a tophus of the true vocal cord with characteristic birefringent crystalline deposits and giant cell granuloma.
(12) Monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) crystals derived from a tophus surgically removed from patients suffering from gout and MSUM prepared from a supersaturated solution of sodium urate were studied and compared with respect to their ability to: (1) stimulate chemiluminescence (CL) production by human polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, (2) induce hemolysis of the human red blood cells and (3) induce inflammation when injected in the rat paw and knee joint.
(13) -In the present paper, the authors report on the extraordinary location of an urate tophus in the fossa infratemporalis - in this case, there was even destruction of the middle base of the skull - which had been misinterpreted for years, having been diagnosed as a primary disease of the parotid gland.
(14) A burn precipitated one bulla, showing that local tissue injury can be a factor in tophus localization.
(15) Subcutaneous cholesterol crystal deposition with tophus formation is extremely rare and has been described in a patient with scleroderma and calcinosis cutis.
(16) The findings suggest that acini of macrophages are formed and that active cellular transport of urate from the interstitial fluid into the central zones of these structures accounts for the focal nature of crystallization within the tophus.
(17) A typical gouty tophus with birefringent, dichroic, needle shaped crystals was found in a resected calcified aortic valve on routine histological examination.
(18) Fresh tophaceous material from a patient with gout contained significant levels of TNF alpha and cells cultured from the tophus produced TNF alpha in vitro.
(19) Evidence of an axial skeletal tophus causing an irritative radiculopathy via mass effect is presented.
(20) Each of those formulations of a pathogenetic role for crystals may be true in a given case, analogous to the etiology of primary and secondary forms of hyperuricemia and to sodium urate crystal deposition coexistent with osteoarthritis (tophus formation in Heberden's nodes).