(n.) An elementary substance, not metallic in its nature, which is present in all organic compounds. Atomic weight 11.97. Symbol C. it is combustible, and forms the base of lampblack and charcoal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond, the hardest of known substances, occuring in monometric crystals like the octahedron, etc. Another modification is graphite, or blacklead, and in this it is soft, and occurs in hexagonal prisms or tables. When united with oxygen it forms carbon dioxide, commonly called carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, according to the proportions of the oxygen; when united with hydrogen, it forms various compounds called hydrocarbons. Compare Diamond, and Graphite.
Example Sentences:
(1) Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, volumes, and temperatures of expired gas were measured from the tracheal and esophageal tubes.
(2) Biochemical, immunocytochemical and histochemical methods were used to study the effect of chronic acetazolamide treatment on carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzymes in the rat kidney.
(3) To quantify the size of the lesion in mice, the area of the infarct on the brain surface was assessed planimetrically 48 h after MCA occlusion by transcardial perfusion of carbon black.
(4) Ethanol and L-ethionine induce acute steatosis without necrosis, whereas azaserine, carbon tetrachloride, and D-galactosamine are known to produce steatosis with varying degrees of hepatic necrosis.
(5) Heart rate (HR), pulmonary ventilation (V), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured.
(6) Given Australia’s number one position as the worst carbon emitter per capita among major western nations it seems hardly surprising that islanders from Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu and other small island developing states have been turning to Australia with growing exasperation demanding the country demonstrate an appropriate response and responsibility.
(7) 4) Parents imagined that fruit drinks, carbonated beverages and beverages with lactic acid promoted tooth decay.
(8) This capacity is expressed during incubation of the bacteria with the substrate and needs a source of carbon and other energy metabolites.
(9) The disappearance of the herbicide, Avadex (40% diallate), from five agricultural soils (differing in either pH, carbon content, or nitrogen content), incubated under sterile and non-sterile conditions, was followed for a period of 20 weeks.
(10) Environment groups Environment groups that have strongly backed low-carbon power have barely wavered in their opposition to nuclear in the last decade, although their arguments now are now much about the cost than the danger it might pose.
(11) Cultured cells from fourth to ninth passage showed positive labelling for S 100 protein, carbonic anydrase (CAA), glutamine synthetase (GS), alpha cristallin (alpha C) and polyclonal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody, but were negative for both monoclonal GFAP antibody and also for Muller cells in the retina.
(12) They argue that the US, the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases per capita (China recently surpassed us in sheer volume), needs to lead the fight to limit carbon emissions, rather continuing to block global treaties as it has done in the past.
(13) Thin layers of carbon (20 microns) and vacuoles (30 microns) suggested a large temperature gradient along the tissue ablation front.
(14) Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility, carbon monoxide in expired air (CO), serum gammaglutamyl-transferase (GGT), and total cholesterol were compared in equal-sized, age-matched samples of healthy middle-aged males born in 1921, 1934-1936, and 1946 attending the ongoing preventive medical population program in Malmö.
(15) The disappearance of ribosomes in Escherichia coli cells starved for a carbon source was studied.
(16) It was shown that the levels of ATP and ADP in the mycelium depended on the carbon source: the maximum and minimum ATP concentrations were found on the glucose and acetate media respectively, the maximum and minimum ADP concentrations showed inverse dependence.
(17) The mechanism by which such high levels were attained was primrily a combination of arterial hypoxia and a high carbon monoxide yield from tobacco.
(18) Nick Robins, head of the Climate Change Centre at HSBC, said: "If you think about low-carbon energy only in terms of carbon, then things look tough [in terms of not using coal].
(19) Immediately prior to and at maximal workloads, carbon monoxide shifted into extravascular spaces and returned to the vascular space within five minutes after exercise stopped.
(20) The purity and configuration of each isomer of the free acid and N-chloroacetylated derivative were ascertained by: (a) paper chromatography in five solvent systems, (b) elemental analysis, (c) Van Slyke nitrous acid determination of alpha-carbonyl carbon, and (d) Van Slyke ninhydrin determination of alpha-carbonyl carbon, and (e) optical rotation.
Catenation
Definition:
(n.) Connection of links or union of parts, as in a chain; a regular or connected series. See Concatenation.
Example Sentences:
(1) A tabulation is given of the polynomials for all possible stereoisomers of many of the knotted and catenated forms that are found in DNA.
(2) We present a unified model for the relaxation, catenation, and knotting reactions of topoisomerase I in which the enzyme induces a break in a single-stranded region, but bridges that break with covalent and noncovalent interactions and allows passage of one duplex or single-stranded DNA segment.
(3) Unlike Escherichia coli topoisomerase I (omega), catenation by the HeLa topoisomerase I is not stimulated by gapped circles.
(4) Both the relaxation and the catenation reaction exhibit a salt optimum at 130 mM NaCl.
(5) Our findings suggest the need for closer examination for HPV episomal catenation in other cervical carcinoma cell lines as well as in primary carcinoma tissues of the uterine cervix and the anogenital tract.
(6) At low concentrations of Topo I (sufficient to confer specificity to the replication system for DNA templates containing a ColE1-type origin of DNA replication), the major products of the replication reaction were: multigenome-length, linear, double-stranded DNA molecules (an aberrant product); multiply interlinked, catenated, supercoiled DNA dimers; and a last Cairns-type replication intermediate.
(7) The increase in the number of TR in progeny episomes indicates that linear DNA is produced from concatameric replicative intermediates rather than from amplified catenated circular intermediates.
(8) Crude extracts and partially purified fractions contain an aggregating factor that can substitute spermidine in catenating reactions.
(9) Upon centrifugation of gently lysed T. cruzi cells through a sucrose gradient, a free DNA fraction was shown to contain catenated dimers and knotted DNA structures.
(10) The mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes is organized as a network of catenated circular DNA molecules called the kinetoplast.
(11) Unexpectedly, deletion of the first Zn finger, a point mutation in the Zn-catenation site in the first finger, or one in the steroid-specificity domain at the base of the first finger converted GR into a dexamethasone-responsive activator that enhanced basal and interleukin 1-induced IL-6 promoter function.
(12) The results are consistent with the idea that DNA-binding sites are fixed on the scaffold and mediate catenation of bound DNA circles by holding them in close proximity to each other.
(13) Ellipticine in particular produced these catenated dimers rapidly and efficiently.
(14) Consequently, the relaxation activity was almost the same between the RL and AH fractions, whereas the catenation activity was much higher in the AH fraction.
(15) For a DNA circle nicked at a unique location, the efficiency of DNA breakage opposite the nick correlates with the rate of catenation.
(16) This procedure liberates linearized minicircle molecules from network catenation, distributing them throughout the lysate, and allowing a small aliquot of the original lysate to be analyzed by PCR amplification.
(17) In vitro, the complexity of catenated products was linearly proportional to substrate supercoil density.
(18) These newly synthesized strands were not part of two catenated interlocked SV40 monomers suggesting that the block occurred prior to the final ligation reaction.
(19) Hypertonic medium appeared to inhibit both DNA unwinding in the termination region and separation of catenated dimers.
(20) MtDNA (monomeric and catenated dimeric forms) in transformed and uninfected CEF replicate by displacement synthesis.