(n.) An elementary substance, not metallic in its nature, which is present in all organic compounds. Atomic weight 11.97. Symbol C. it is combustible, and forms the base of lampblack and charcoal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond, the hardest of known substances, occuring in monometric crystals like the octahedron, etc. Another modification is graphite, or blacklead, and in this it is soft, and occurs in hexagonal prisms or tables. When united with oxygen it forms carbon dioxide, commonly called carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, according to the proportions of the oxygen; when united with hydrogen, it forms various compounds called hydrocarbons. Compare Diamond, and Graphite.
Example Sentences:
(1) Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, volumes, and temperatures of expired gas were measured from the tracheal and esophageal tubes.
(2) Biochemical, immunocytochemical and histochemical methods were used to study the effect of chronic acetazolamide treatment on carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzymes in the rat kidney.
(3) To quantify the size of the lesion in mice, the area of the infarct on the brain surface was assessed planimetrically 48 h after MCA occlusion by transcardial perfusion of carbon black.
(4) Ethanol and L-ethionine induce acute steatosis without necrosis, whereas azaserine, carbon tetrachloride, and D-galactosamine are known to produce steatosis with varying degrees of hepatic necrosis.
(5) Heart rate (HR), pulmonary ventilation (V), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured.
(6) Given Australia’s number one position as the worst carbon emitter per capita among major western nations it seems hardly surprising that islanders from Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu and other small island developing states have been turning to Australia with growing exasperation demanding the country demonstrate an appropriate response and responsibility.
(7) 4) Parents imagined that fruit drinks, carbonated beverages and beverages with lactic acid promoted tooth decay.
(8) This capacity is expressed during incubation of the bacteria with the substrate and needs a source of carbon and other energy metabolites.
(9) The disappearance of the herbicide, Avadex (40% diallate), from five agricultural soils (differing in either pH, carbon content, or nitrogen content), incubated under sterile and non-sterile conditions, was followed for a period of 20 weeks.
(10) Environment groups Environment groups that have strongly backed low-carbon power have barely wavered in their opposition to nuclear in the last decade, although their arguments now are now much about the cost than the danger it might pose.
(11) Cultured cells from fourth to ninth passage showed positive labelling for S 100 protein, carbonic anydrase (CAA), glutamine synthetase (GS), alpha cristallin (alpha C) and polyclonal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody, but were negative for both monoclonal GFAP antibody and also for Muller cells in the retina.
(12) They argue that the US, the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases per capita (China recently surpassed us in sheer volume), needs to lead the fight to limit carbon emissions, rather continuing to block global treaties as it has done in the past.
(13) Thin layers of carbon (20 microns) and vacuoles (30 microns) suggested a large temperature gradient along the tissue ablation front.
(14) Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility, carbon monoxide in expired air (CO), serum gammaglutamyl-transferase (GGT), and total cholesterol were compared in equal-sized, age-matched samples of healthy middle-aged males born in 1921, 1934-1936, and 1946 attending the ongoing preventive medical population program in Malmö.
(15) The disappearance of ribosomes in Escherichia coli cells starved for a carbon source was studied.
(16) It was shown that the levels of ATP and ADP in the mycelium depended on the carbon source: the maximum and minimum ATP concentrations were found on the glucose and acetate media respectively, the maximum and minimum ADP concentrations showed inverse dependence.
(17) The mechanism by which such high levels were attained was primrily a combination of arterial hypoxia and a high carbon monoxide yield from tobacco.
(18) Nick Robins, head of the Climate Change Centre at HSBC, said: "If you think about low-carbon energy only in terms of carbon, then things look tough [in terms of not using coal].
(19) Immediately prior to and at maximal workloads, carbon monoxide shifted into extravascular spaces and returned to the vascular space within five minutes after exercise stopped.
(20) The purity and configuration of each isomer of the free acid and N-chloroacetylated derivative were ascertained by: (a) paper chromatography in five solvent systems, (b) elemental analysis, (c) Van Slyke nitrous acid determination of alpha-carbonyl carbon, and (d) Van Slyke ninhydrin determination of alpha-carbonyl carbon, and (e) optical rotation.
Ketone
Definition:
(n.) One of a large class of organic substances resembling the aldehydes, obtained by the distillation of certain salts of organic acids and consisting of carbonyl (CO) united with two hydrocarbon radicals. In general the ketones are colorless volatile liquids having a pungent ethereal odor.
Example Sentences:
(1) The enzyme was solubilized by Triton X-100 and purified approximately 480-fold by gel filtration and affinity chromatography on alanine methyl ketone-AH-Sepharose 4B.
(2) Urinalysis revealed a low pH, increased ketones and bilirubin excretion, dark yellowish change in color, the appearance of "leaflet-shaped" crystals and increased red blood cells and epithelial cells in the urinary sediment, increased water intake, decreased specific gravity and decreased sodium, potassium and chloride in the urine.
(3) The infusion of sodium acetoacetate resulted in a 10- to 15-fold increase in circulating concentrations of ketone bodies, which were similar in magnitude in normal subjects and diabetic patients.
(4) Results of repeated visual readings spread over three different color blocks for certain concentrations of glucose, ketone, and protein, whereas repeated instrumental readings were never spread greater than two color blocks.
(5) The plasma concentrations of alanine and proline as well as other amino acids increased as the blood ketone body ratio decreased.
(6) Trifluoromethyl ketone dipeptide analogues are good inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme.
(7) As a conclusion sec-butanol, probably through its metabolite methyl-ethyl-ketone, is the most potent inducer of microsomal cytochrome P-450 in liver and kidney while iso-butanol does not alter total cytochrome P-450.
(8) A model of increased microvascular permeability pulmonary edema was developed in chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep using perilla ketone (PK).
(9) Administration of different brain fuels--glucose, mannose, fructose, or the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate--reduced hippocampal damage induced by coadministration of GCs and either of 2 different neurotoxins (kainic acid and 3-acetylpyridine).
(10) We report the effects of n-alkanols (n-butanol to n-octanol), methyl carboxylic esters (methyl propionate to methyl octanoate) and n-alkyl ketones (2-pentanone to 2-nonanone) on a fast reflex escape response to a mechanical stimulus in Gammarus.
(11) Examination of other potential inhibitors revealed a rank order of potency against calpain to be: peptidyl sulphonium methyl ketones > fluoromethyl ketones, diazomethyl ketones >> acyloxymethyl ketones, an order which differs sharply from that found for cathespin B.
(12) Epigalanthamine, a diastereomer of GAL, was 130-times less potent in vitro in its effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes than the parent compound, and it did not differ significantly from the ketone galanthaminone.
(13) Also, a significant correlation was found between the levels of urine glucose and ketones and the level of acyl carnitine.
(14) This is in contrast to fasting adult dogs, which maintain glucohomeostasis and show only slightly decreased insulin levels, normal glucagon levels and a moderate increase of plasma ketone bodies.
(15) The following processes are discussed in this article: enzyme-catalysed hydrolyses of carboxylic acid esters and amides, phosphate esters, nitriles and epoxides; esterification and inter-esterification reactions catalysed by enzymes; reduction of ketones to secondary alcohols using whole-cell systems or isolated dehydrogenases; oxidation of alicyclic and aromatic substrates using mono-oxygenases and dioxygenases in bacteria and fungi including enzyme-catalysed Baeyer-Villiger oxidations; aldol reactions, formation of optically active cyanohydrins and enzyme-catalysed acyloin type reactions.
(16) The paint base consisted primarily of toluene and methyl ethyl ketone.
(17) Ketonic bodies participate in the power supply of cortex functions of satisfied one-day pigs but their contribution to the nerve tissue power of fasting one-and five-day pigs is insignificant.
(18) Mechanism-based inhibition of myocardial cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 by Compound 1 was established by demonstrating: 1) time-dependent irreversible inactivation; 2) covalent binding of [3H]Compound 1 to the purified phospholipase A2; 3) ablation of covalent binding of [3H]Compound 1 after chemical inactivation of phospholipase A2 enzymic activity; 4) identical inhibition of myocardial phospholipase A2 by Compound 1 in the absence or presence of nucleophilic scavengers; 5) Compound 1 is a substrate for myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2 resulting in the generation of the electrophilic alpha-bromomethyl ketone; 6) phospholipase A2 inhibition requires the in situ generation of the reactive electrophile (i.e.
(19) Inhibition by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and N alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone indicates the presence of serine and histidine residues in the active center, respectively.
(20) In addition, adrenal S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and blood ketone bodies were determined Sections of adrenals were evaluated by electron microscopy for histopathological changes.