(1) Lens crystallins were isolated from cephalopods, octopus and squid.
(2) The photopigments, rhodopsin and retinochrome, have been localized in cephalopod retinae using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods.
(3) Occasionally, anti-RALBP antibodies were seen to react weakly with "IRBP" in some cephalopods.
(4) In the cephalopod lens, however, the sum inside was much lower than that outside.2.
(5) We report here that a transparent tissue, derived from muscle but functioning as a lens in the light-emitting organ of a squid, Euprymna scolopes, shows striking biochemical convergence with the epidermally derived ocular lenses of some mammals and cephalopods.
(6) Sequence similarity between this major cephalopod crystallin and glutathione S-transferase were found, which suggested some enzymatic role of crystallins inside the cephalopod lens.
(7) This polyclonal antiserum also cross-reacted with the ALDH-like crystallins found in the ocular lenses of certain mammals and cephalopods.
(8) Screening of lens homogenates for the identification of lactate dehydrogenases was undertaken for the representative species from five major classes of vertebrates plus the cephalopod of invertebrates.
(9) The potential of the [14C]deoxyglucose technique as a powerful tool in studying the functional organization of cephalopod brains is discussed.
(10) Catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine were measured fluorimetrically in nervous tissue of cephalopod molluscs.2.
(11) Fourth, nociception can explain the behavior of insects and perhaps other invertebrates (except possibly the cephalopods).
(12) The photosensitive vesicles of cephalopods are extraocular receptors present either in the mantle or on the head.
(13) A single layer of cell secrets the hard cephalopod beaks.
(14) The total amount of retinochrome in the retina was several times higher than that of rhodopsin, distinguishing the gastropod eye from the cephalopod eye.
(15) The requirement of live marine prey for cephalopod mariculture has restricted its practicality for inland research laboratories, commercial enterprises and home aquarists.
(16) When it comes to the battle of the molluscs, cephalopods win tentacles down.
(17) To clarify the formation process of acid metarhodopsin in the cephalopod rhodopsin cycle, changes in the difference spectrum of squid (Todarodes pacificus) rhodopsin in acid (pH 5.7, or pH 6.1) and alkaline (pH 10.2) solutions were studied at various temperatures by applying the flash photolytic technique.
(18) Crude patterning may take place in the basal and, perhaps, peduncle lobes in cephalopods and in the lower and intermediate medulla in teleosts.
(19) Progesterone and testosterone were obtained from the gonads and liver of cephalopods and from the whole body of crustaceans.
(20) In this respect this retinal-binding protein could have a role very similar to that postulated for the well-known cephalopod retinochrome, that serves to catalyze the formation in the presence of light of 11-cis retinal in photo-receptor cells and to provide it for the reconstitution of rhodopsin during the visual cycle.
Chromatophore
Definition:
(n.) A contractile cell or vesicle containing liquid pigment and capable of changing its form or size, thus causing changes of color in the translucent skin of such animals as possess them. They are highly developed and numerous in the cephalopods.
(n.) One of the granules of protoplasm, which in mass give color to the part of the plant containing them.
Example Sentences:
(1) In the brownish skin and in the black spots of the dorsal region all types of chromatophores are found.
(2) An analogous finding in the human eye after a perforating iris lesion was growth of chromatophores on the anterior lens capsule.
(3) This makes it possible to consider them as chromatophores of an independent type.
(4) Phosphatidylethanolamine is essentially equally distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the chromatophores, while most proteins exist at the outer surface.
(5) The decay of the flash-induced electric potential across the chromatophore membrane measured by the carotenoid band shift was 20% accelerated by about one valinomycin molecule per 4700 bacteriochlorophyll, i.e.
(6) This process is inhibited by o-phenanthroline as well as upon extraction of quinones from chromatophores, but not by antimycin A, rotenone or CN-.
(7) The P+QA- and P+QB- charge recombination decay kinetics were studied in reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas viridis reconstituted in phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles (proteoliposomes) and in chromatophores.
(8) Light induced quenching of 9-aminoacridine and atebrin fluorescence in chromatophores, while the fluorescence was enhanced in the heavy chromatophores.
(9) OCC has been shown to apparently increase the electrical conductivity of the chromatophore membrane, a fact which may be relevant to the mechanism of action of this probe.
(10) C-terminal residues were not removed after the digestion of chromatophores or spheroplasts.
(11) These results are consistent with two hypotheses (a) the chromatophores are a mixed population of vesicles, only a small fraction (10%) of which possess an active ATP synthesizing system (b) the activity of the ATP synthesizing system, though driven by a proton motive force, is controlled by electron transport processess.
(12) The extent of the reaction was increased markedly with excess exogenous ferrocytochrome c but only slightly in chromatophores.
(13) The isolated beta subunit reconstituted an active F1 hybrid with the F1 of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores from which the beta subunit had been removed.
(14) The significance of the terminal residues of the red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH: Glu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ser-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2) for its blanching effect on crustacean chromatophores has been investigated.
(15) Biochemical analyses of the dorsal integument of the isopod, Armadillidium vulgare, revealed that sepiapterin, biopterin, pterin, isoxanthopterin and uric acid accumulated in the yellow-colored chromatophores which are distinguishable from ommochrome chromatophores.
(16) In the presence of Mg2+, the following pattern rules: (i) uncoupler-stimulated ATP hydrolysis of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores which shows an optimum concentration of the divalent cation; (ii) ATP-induced proton pumping in chromatophores; (iii) light-induced ATP synthesis in chromatophores; (iv) no or very low ATPase activity of purified F1-ATPase unmasked by diethylstilbestrol or n-octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside.
(17) Guanidinated B870 alpha polypeptides from both the cytoplasmic-side-out chromatophores and the periplasmic-side-out membrane vesicles were purified and digested with trypsin.
(18) When the free Mg2+ concentration was raised to 5.5-8.8 mM this ratio decreased from 1028 to 540 when the yeast pyrophosphatase was used and from 754 to 46 when chromatophores were used.
(19) After chromatophore solubilization in the presence of beta-ME and subsequent SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, exogenously added reaction centers B and C could be localized in a complex of no less than 100 to 200 kdaltons.
(20) Among several pH indicators tested, bromothymol blue (BTB) and neutral red (NR) showed absorbance changes on illumination of chromatophores.