(1) The results suggest that formation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of NNN may be a key factor in the initiation of oral tumours in tobacco and betel-quid chewers.
(2) It was found that among the betel chewers as well as the non betels chewers., the highest caries susceptibility was in the age group of 20-34 years.
(3) Maximum oral lesions induced in the hamsters by continuous exposure to capsules and natural material, highlight the direct relationship of frequency of chewing in habitual chewers with oral carcinogenesis.
(4) The frequency of micronucleated cells (MNC) derived from exfoliated human oral mucosal cells has been measured to assess genotoxic damage in chewers of betel quid with tobacco (BQT) and tobacco with lime (T).
(5) In view of the large number of medical problems reported in khat chewers, the present study was undertaken to investigate the chronic toxicity of khat in mice.
(6) The elevation of MEC in Taiwanese, who are at low risk for oral cancer, is relatively small as compared to that found in chewers of Indian betel quids (pan), who show a highly elevated oral cancer risk.
(7) Levels of pesticides found in these samples are too low to be considered a medical risk to coca chewers.
(8) Studies in Yemen showed that the incidence of heart at tacks among chewers was 49% higher than in non-chewers.
(9) It has been established that in patterns of electrical and mechanic activity of the chewer muscle proper and esophagus specific differences of alimentary and drinking behaviour of animals are reflected.
(10) A significant increase was observed in the levels of TSA, LSA, mucoid proteins, and PBH in OC patients compared with controls, normal tobacco chewers, and patients with oral PC.
(11) Smokeless tobacco chewers (N = 16) and cigarette smokers (N = 11) were examined during a 6-day period, during which time a number of measures were administered.
(12) The results of this study demonstrate that MNPN is present in the saliva of betel quid chewers and is a potent carcinogen in F344 rats.
(13) The levels were compared with that in normal controls and chronic chewers of betel quid with no signs of any disease.
(14) Subjects suffering from SF had practised the habit in whatever form for a significantly shorter period than chewers without SF and belonged to a significantly younger age group.
(15) Exfoliated mucosal cells were collected from the oral cavity of three groups at high risk for oral cancer: Indian betel nut chewers, Filipino inverted smokers (burning end of cigar in mouth) and Indian Khaini tobacco chewers.
(16) White males were more frequent "chewers," while blacks and Mexican-Americans were more frequent smokers.
(17) These results indicate that HC may have a role to play in reducing the risk of oral cancer in betel quid with tobacco chewers.
(18) The khat-chewing mother was older, of greater parity and had more surviving children than the non-chewers.
(19) Ten biopsies were from non-tobacco betel-nut chewers.
(20) Subjects were chewers of tobacco-containing betel quids with well established oral leukoplakias.