What's the difference between chlorate and chloride?

Chlorate


Definition:

  • (n.) A salt of chloric acid; as, chlorate of potassium.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) Chlorine dioxide disproportionation products, chlorite and chlorate, were not active disinfectants.
  • (2) Among other evidence against the classical theory for the mechanism of chlorate toxicity, is the finding that not all mutants lacking nitrate reductase are clorate resistant.
  • (3) This indicates the loss of both assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction but only dissimilatory nitrite reduction in the mutants selected with chlorate.
  • (4) Sixteen mM chlorate almost totally inhibited incorporation of radiosulphate into glycosaminoglycan and TCA-precipitable material.
  • (5) The enzyme displayed a very broad substrate specificity, reducing various N-oxide and sulfoxide compounds as well as chlorate and hydroxylamine.
  • (6) The influence of chlorate, an inhibitor of sulfate adenylyltransferase, on biosynthesis and secretion of proteoglycans was investigated in cultured human skin fibroblasts.
  • (7) Rat gastric mucosal segments were incubated in MEM at various medium sulfate concentrations in the presence of [35S]Na2SO4, [3H]glucosamine and [3H]proline, with and without chlorate an inhibitor of PAPS formation.
  • (8) Cell growth was not affected by 10 mM chlorate, while 30 mM chlorate had a slight inhibitory effect.
  • (9) Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were specifically inhibited with sodium chlorate, and the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria could be calculated from the increase of nitrite.
  • (10) Following purification of primary transformants using microconidia, many chlorate-sensitive progeny were obtained from crosses to wild-type.
  • (11) The purified nitrate reductase reduced chlorate and was inhibited by azide and cyanide.
  • (12) Using point voltage-clamp experiments, chlorate and thiocyanate were both seen to lower the contraction threshold voltage, but thiocyanate has no influence on conductance kinetics.
  • (13) As a result of the discovery of this pollution of the water-tables, a programme of preventive checks has been introduced for all the industries which use chlorate solvents.
  • (14) Two linked chlorate resistance mutations and two tryptophan auxotrophic markers, which were unlinked to any of the known markers, form linkage group VIII.
  • (15) Chlorate reduced [35S]SO4 labeling of CgB and SgII, but had little effect on immunoreactive SgII in cells or media.
  • (16) Both chlorate-sensitive and resistant mutants lacking nitrate reductase, also lack chlorate reductase.
  • (17) Mutation in at least ten genes can result in chlorate reistance in Aspergillus nidulans.
  • (18) Increase in medium sulfate caused an increase in the high molecular weight mucin form in both fractions, and this effect was inhibited by chlorate.
  • (19) We used the chlorate resistance mutations as genetic markers for the improvement of the mitotic linkage map of A. niger.
  • (20) In this report it is also shown that chlorate inhibits lipoprotein lipase sulfation and that desulfation of the enzyme has no effect on its catalytic efficiency or on its binding to cultured adipocytes.

Chloride


Definition:

  • (n.) A binary compound of chlorine with another element or radical; as, chloride of sodium (common salt).

Example Sentences:

  • (1) This death is also dependent on the presence of chloride and is prevented with the non-selective EAA antagonist, kynurenic acid, but is not prevented by QA.
  • (2) Thus, saponin and ammonium chloride can be used to isolate whole infected erythrocytes, depleted of hemoglobin, by selective disruption of uninfected cells.
  • (3) These were an isotonic solution of sodium chloride (900 micrograms NaCl in 0.1 ml), histamine (100 mu g in 0.1 mu l), phytohaemagglutinin (200 mu g in 0.1 ml), and a staphylococcus lysate (STAVA).
  • (4) The following conclusions emerge: (i) when the 3' or the 3' penultimate base of the oligonucleotide mismatched an allele, no amplification product could be detected; (ii) when the mismatches were 3 and 4 bases from the 3' end of the primer, differential amplification was still observed, but only at certain concentrations of magnesium chloride; (iii) the mismatched allele can be detected in the presence of a 40-fold excess of the matched allele; (iv) primers as short as 13 nucleotides were effective; and (v) the specificity of the amplification could be overwhelmed by greatly increasing the concentration of target DNA.
  • (5) To determine the influence of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) adsorption on the wettability and elemental surface composition of human enamel, with and without adsorbed salivary constituents, surface-free energies and elemental compositions were determined.
  • (6) This suggested that some of the cell population became metabolically inactive at a very early stage, possibly owing to suboptimal conditions of growth.Glycine, lysozyme and lithium chloride initiated lysis of BCG growth in the aforementioned media 24-48 hours after inoculation.
  • (7) PYY inhibited the reduction in net absorption of sodium chloride and water evoked by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), but did not affect the VIP-evoked increase in net potassium secretion.
  • (8) Substitution of NaCl in the extracellular medium by sucrose, LiCl, or Na2SO4 had no effect on glutamate stimulation of [3H]dopamine release; however, release was inhibited when NaCl was replaced by choline chloride or N-methyl-D-glucamine HCl.
  • (9) Seventy-six patients with established atherosclerotic disease were treated daily with either 250 micrograms of chromium orally as chromium chloride or a placebo for a period of 7 to 16 months (mean, 11.1 months).
  • (10) Urinalysis revealed a low pH, increased ketones and bilirubin excretion, dark yellowish change in color, the appearance of "leaflet-shaped" crystals and increased red blood cells and epithelial cells in the urinary sediment, increased water intake, decreased specific gravity and decreased sodium, potassium and chloride in the urine.
  • (11) Carbopol-940 gels, being the best of those used, were studied further for the effect of its concentration and of additives (benzalkonium chloride, phenylmercuric nitrate, chlorbutol and disodium edetate), autoclaving at 121 degrees C for 30 min and irradiation with gamma rays (2.5 Mrad), on the end product.
  • (12) Therefore, the early IPSP may be mediated by more complex mechanisms than a simple alteration in chloride conductance due to GABA-receptor interactions.
  • (13) We measured the steady-state volumes of distribution for radioactive chloride, sucrose, and albumin in the lung of six anesthetized, spen-thorax sheep.
  • (14) In the absence of external chloride changing the external potassium concentration from 2.8 mM to potassium-free caused a depolarization of the membrane of about 30 mV and a small increase in membrane resistance.
  • (15) It is therefore suggested that salt water adaptation triggers a cellular reorganization of the epithelium in such a way that leaky junctions (a low resistance pathway) appear at the apex of the chloride cells.
  • (16) Bartter's syndrome was suspected because of the features of the hypokalemia, hyperaldosteronism, hyperreninemia, increased concentration of plasma angiotensin I & II, the defect in distal fractional reabsorption of chloride and normotension.
  • (17) Allyl 4-O-benzyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside was converted into allyl 4-O-benzyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside and this was condensed with 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl chloride to give a disaccharide derivative which was converted into allyl 4-O-benzyl-2-O-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl -alpha- L-rhamnopyranoside.
  • (18) ASA was given as 7.5 or 15.0 mM solution in 100 mM hydrochloric acid or in 100 mM sodium chloride.
  • (19) Replacement of all the chloride ions and inhibition by furosemide indicated that the enhanced secretion was due mainly to chloride ions.
  • (20) Chloride caused a significant concentration-dependent shortening of myosin rods due to destabilization of the alpha-helical double coiled rod structure.