(n.) One of the elementary substances, commonly isolated as a greenish yellow gas, two and one half times as heavy as air, of an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and exceedingly poisonous. It is abundant in nature, the most important compound being common salt. It is powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent. Symbol Cl. Atomic weight, 35.4.
Example Sentences:
(1) Ether extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and various chlorinated and non-chlorinated compounds were detected, e.g.
(2) The physical effects of chlorination as demonstrated by experiments with batters and cakes and by physicochemical observations of flour and its fractions are also considered.
(3) The efficacy of both PCBOH I and III derivatives required the presence of a hydroxyl moiety and increased directly with the degree of chlorination.
(4) Chlorine dioxide disproportionation products, chlorite and chlorate, were not active disinfectants.
(5) The photodynamic activity of bonellin, an integumentary chlorin of Bonellia viridis, is investigated.
(6) Lipopolysaccharide content correlated significantly with drug uptake and sensitivity, and it appeared to determine the degree of penetration of the cell envelope by these chlorinated phenols.
(7) Unexpectedly long retention times were noted for the chlorinated solvents, particularly for chloroforn, which showed a specific long-term retention in the cerebellum, meninges and spinal nerves, indicating interactions with specific nervous tissue receptors.
(8) Further the results of a test under practical conditions in a swimming pool are shown and the possibility to discriminate different types of waters by their chlorine demand under constant-titration.
(9) Chlorinated ethylenes are metabolized in mammals, as a first step, to epoxides.
(10) The ASI said the UK should be prepared to adapt its standards, pointing to an assessment by the European Food Safety Authority that the chemical rinses, including chlorine dioxide, were safe to eat.
(11) Studies of structure-transacylation relationships for a series of acylhydroxamic acids of chlorinated biphenyl ethers and their related compounds by rat liver N-arylacylhydroxamic acid-dependent N-acyltransferase (AHNAT) are described.
(12) The purpose of the study was to determine whether distribution of serum lipids, blood pressure or thyroid hormones differed according to the chlorination of water supply, or to its calcium and magnesium content (hardness).
(13) Chlorine (Cl2) gas is a potentially lung-damaging irritant which is used in the chemical, plastics, and paper industries.
(14) Recoveries by each technique varied depending on the sediment sample being extracted and degree of chlorination of PCB congeners.
(15) Rats have been exposed in a closed system to the chlorinated ethylenes vinyl chloride and trichloroethylene and to carbon tetrachloride as a reference compound.
(16) Environmental isolates of CB-5 were more resistant than the laboratory strain tested, and for two strains 12 and 22% of the input virus was still infectious after 100 min in the presence of free residual chlorine.
(17) Water is no longer chlorinated, rubbish isn't collected anymore.
(18) Other chlorinated hydrocarbons as decachlorobiphenyl, pentachloronaphthalene, hexachloronaphthalene and hexachlorostyrene were identified, but not quantified.
(19) Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analyses were performed on single hair fibers in triplicate from 103 individuals in order to determine sulfur, zinc, calcium, and chlorine content.
(20) The compounds are N-methoxymethylated or N-ethoxymethylated using phosphorus pentoxide and dimethoxymethane or diethoxymethane, respectively, in a chlorinated solvent.
Hypochlorous
Definition:
(a.) Pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine having a valence lower than in chlorous compounds.
Example Sentences:
(1) It required protein synthesis as demonstrated by the suppressive effect of actinomycin D. The inhibitory effect of H2O2 was suppressed by catalase, but was unaffected by the scavengers of hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid, suggesting that H2O2 but not one of its metabolites was responsible for this inhibition.
(2) Ergothioneine is a powerful scavenger of hypochlorous acid, being able to protect alpha 1-antiproteinase against inactivation by this molecule.
(3) Thus, oxidizing species derived from the myeloperoxidase system (enzyme, H2O2, and C1-), as well as hypochlorous acid, can inactivate this inhibitor, although H2O2 alone has no effect.
(4) Myeloperoxidase catalyzed the oxidation of chloride to hypochlorous acid, which reacted either with bacterial amine or amide components or both or with the exogenous compounds to yield chloramine or chloramide derivatives or both.
(5) Experiments are performed on the reaction of monochlorodimedone with hypochlorous acid in both the presence and the absence of added chloride ion, but in the absence of chloroperoxidase.
(6) During activation of PMN leukocytes, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is produced in addition to oxygen free radicals.
(7) 30% of the detectable superoxide generated was converted to hypochlorous acid.
(8) Butylated hydroxytoluene, a radical scavenger, partially protects alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor from the myeloperoxidase system and completely protects it from hypochlorous acid.
(9) It also reacted with hypochlorous acid, the principal oxidant generated by neutrophils, to form a reactive intermediate.
(10) In the present paper we show that phagocytosing neutrophils inactivate A1PI via a process inhibitable by chemical agents known to interfere with the hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-generating myeloperoxidase pathway.
(11) Monochlorodimedon, therefore, cannot be regarded as an inert detector of hypochlorous acid production by myeloperoxidase, but acts to limit the chlorinating activity of the enzyme.
(12) DMTU (1-10 mM) completely blocked stable oxidants and hypochlorous acid formation by phorbol myristate acetate- and zymosan-stimulated neutrophils.
(13) Eight methionine residues and one tyrosine residue could be oxidized by hypochlorous acid.
(14) Also, in this assay Candida albicans yeast inactivated the oxidant activity of hypochlorous acid more completely than they did that of monochloramine.
(15) We characterized the inhibitory effect of these drugs on the catalytic activity of myeloperoxidase and tested their ability to scavenge hypochlorous acid in vitro.
(16) The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effect and mechanism of action of the reactive oxygen metabolites monochloramine (NH2Cl), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on gallbladder smooth muscle contractility.
(17) This loss was entirely due to hypochlorous acid, since it did not occur in Cl(-)-free buffer, was inhibited by azide and cyanide, and was enhanced by adding exogenous myeloperoxidase.
(18) Inhibition was blocked by adding catalase, an inhibitor of myeloperoxidase, or compounds that scavenge hypochlorous acid or chloramines.
(19) The reaction of hypochlorous acid with the spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) was found to yield 5,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone-N-oxyl (DMPOX).
(20) The H2O2-dependent portion of oxidation is mediated by myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chloride to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and oxidation of the reductants by HOCl.