(n.) A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value.
(n.) The bark of any species of Cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits' bark.
Example Sentences:
(1) Comparison with two other methods showed that this procedure yields the total amount of cinchona alkaloids present in serum, which makes it extremely useful for routine clinical analysis.
(2) To buy the best species, Cinchona calisaya, one needs a perfect knowledge of these trees.
(3) Purgatives, emetics, opium, cinchona bark, camphor, potassium nitrate and mercury were among the most widely used drugs.
(4) The results suggest that cinchona alkaloids might affect myocardial contractility by their effects on Ca++ handling by SRV.
(5) Various methods and drugs were recommended and used for the therapy of depression in the 19th century, such as baths and massage, ferrous iodide, arsenic, ergot, strophantin, and cinchona.
(6) The specificity is based on quenching of the fluorescence of cinchona alkaloids by chloride ions.
(7) In vitro studies with quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine showed that despite a similarity of chemical structure, the effectiveness of these cinchona bark alkaloids against several culture lines of Plasmodium falciparum varied widely.
(8) We have compared the in-vitro interactions of quinine and cinchonine, two alkaloids from cinchona bark, with human neutrophil functions.
(9) The intramolecular aliphatic N-O distance in enpiroline was 2.80 A (1 A = 0.1 nm), which is close to the N-O distance found in the antimalarial cinchona alkaloids.
(10) This component was less sensitive than the endogenous transporter to inhibition by the Cinchona bark alkaloids quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine, but showed a much greater sensitivity than the native system to inhibition by piperine.
(11) The assay is demonstrated using extracts of cultured Cinchona ledgeriana cells.
(12) The stem bark and stem wood of Cinchona pubescens were found to owe their weak cytotoxic activity to the presence of quinovic acid.
(13) A TLC--colorimetric method also is described for the assay of quinine and quinidine in the presence of cinchonine, cinchonidine, and other cinchona alkaloids.
(14) Using the inhibition assay for monitoring, the extracts of Hydrangea Dulcis folium, Scopoliae rhizoma, Cinchona cortex, Magnoliae cortex, Stephania tuber, and Rauwolfia radix were analysed to characterize the active constituents.
(15) This work summarises the clinical pharmacology of quinine, a cinchona alkaloid, whose use in chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is of great value considering the staggering effects the infection and its morbidity have upon social and economic development of malaria endemic areas of the world.
(16) In addition, the dihydro contaminants of the cinchona alkaloids were also metabolized by aldehyde oxidase to the 2-quinolone derivatives.
(17) Charles Ledger, a British general tradesman, was able to achieve that thanks to his alert spirit of observation, his (and that of his Bolivian servant Manuel) long experience of the Andes, and the chance that brought them to fall upon a group of exceptional cinchonas which had grown on an impervious slope of the Andes.
(18) Quinine, a cinchona alkaloid, was investigated for putative anxiogenic activity in view of clinical reports suggesting that it induces anxiety and apprehension following its use in malaria.
(19) Combinations of cinchona bark alkaloids could thus be of interest in areas where P. falciparum is becoming less susceptible to quinine.
(20) The use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) interfaced with thermospray (TSP) mass spectrometry is described for the separation and identification of various alkaloids from Cinchona ledgeriana extracts.
Malaria
Definition:
(n.) Air infected with some noxious substance capable of engendering disease; esp., an unhealthy exhalation from certain soils, as marshy or wet lands, producing fevers; miasma.
(n.) A morbid condition produced by exhalations from decaying vegetable matter in contact with moisture, giving rise to fever and ague and many other symptoms characterized by their tendency to recur at definite and usually uniform intervals.
Example Sentences:
(1) The rise of malaria despite of control measures involves several factors: the house spraying is no more accepted by a large percentage of house holders and the alternative larviciding has only a limited efficacy; the houses of American Indians have no walls to be sprayed; there is a continuous introduction of parasites by migrants.
(2) Eighty-two per cent of patients with falciparum malaria had recently returned from Africa whereas 82% with vivax malaria had visited Asia.
(3) 236 patients with malaria were examined and treated.
(4) But both for malaria and Aids we’re seeing the tools that will let us do 95-100% reduction.
(5) In assessing damaged nets and curtains it must be recognised that anything less than the best vector control may have no appreciable impact on holoendemic malaria.
(6) Since then the intensive development of anti-malaria campaigns in urban areas over about ten years led temporarily to a considerable decrease in the level of endemicity, while in rural areas it remained unchanged.
(7) On land, the pits' stagnant pools of water become breeding grounds for dengue fever and malaria.
(8) immunoglobulin, purified from the plasma of local semi-immune blood donors, as an adjunct to standard treatment for cerebral malaria in Malawian children.
(9) Treatment with chloroquine and primaquine, together with packed red cell transfusions, was successful in eliminating both the malaria parasites and the leukaemoid blood picture.
(10) These C+ and R+ adherence properties of PE appear to mediate much of the pathogenesis of severe malaria infections, in part by blocking blood flow in microvessels.
(11) There was less of an increase following a blood meal infected with the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei.
(12) Clindamycin, a semi-synthetic antibiotic of the lincomycin family, at a dose of 450 mg eight-hourly for three days in adults cured five out of 10 patients moderately ill with chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria.
(13) This test by virtue of its high sensitivity and the facilities in processing a large number of specimens, can prove to be useful in endemic areas for the recognition of asymptomatic malaria and screening of blood donors.
(14) A small clinic consisting of 1 room decorated with pamphlets against AIDS, malaria, and other diseases was managed by the chief primary health care (PHC) assistant named Joseph.
(15) Prospects for involvement in malaria control are numerous, however there is need to enhance the existing BHW Program.
(16) This latter event might be one of the factors which results in a correlation of Burkitt's lymphoma with malaria endemic regions.
(17) Hemoglobin S (Hb S) was significantly more prevalent in adults resistant to malaria.
(18) The proportion of persons with P. malariae in this sample population, as determined by slide examination, appears to be the greatest ever reported for any area before the introduction of control measures.
(19) Other causes are malaria (21), undernutrition (12), meningitidis (10), diarrhea (9), pneumopathy (7), endogenous and obstetrical causes (24).
(20) An indirect fluorescent antibody test for glutaraldehyde-fixed, ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen was performed on admission sera from 45 patients with complicated cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria, 33 with uncomplicated cerebral malaria, 91 non-cerebral malaria patients, and 53 blood donors from a non-malarious area.