What's the difference between cinchonism and quinine?
Cinchonism
Definition:
(n.) A condition produced by the excessive or long-continued use of quinine, and marked by deafness, roaring in the ears, vertigo, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) In all patients plasma quinine concentrations exceeded the high minimum inhibitory concentration for Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalent in Thailand within four hours of the start of treatment but did not cause toxicity other than mild cinchonism.
(2) Cinchonism is the well-known syndrome of quinine overdose involving disturbances of vision, hearing, and balance, which has occasional importance in aviation pathology, usually related to ingestion of tonic water.
(3) Cinchonism occurred in 25% of those treated with quinine, but it was fully reversible and never necessitated withdrawal of the drug.
(4) However, the simple expedient of increasing the nightly dose of quinine may carry the concomitant risk of cinchonism.
(5) They also experienced the classic symptoms of cinchonism, including nausea, vomiting, and tinnitus.
(6) Several features are common to both an acute single overdose in self-poisoning and accumulation of quinine during therapy for malaria: together they are termed cinchonism.
(7) ; one developed cinchonism and one malaise, the remainder showing no excess toxicity compared with epirubicin alone.
(8) These reactions include GI intolerance, cardiac arrhythmias, fever with and without associated hepatic dysfunction or leukopenia, cinchonism, and hemolytic anemia.
(9) Signs of cinchonism and common ototoxins are discussed.
(10) Quinine intoxication can also cause cinchonism, which is marked by tinnitus, vertigo, blurred vision and scotomata, and possible optic atrophy or death.
(11) We conclude that quinine is highly effective in the treatment of P. falciparum infection and is mandatory if the clinical condition requires a fast-acting blood schizonticide, in cases of hyper-parasitaemia and if multi-drug resistance occurs; its use should not be restricted by reversible side-effects such as cinchonism.
Quinine
Definition:
(n.) An alkaloid extracted from the bark of several species of cinchona (esp. Cinchona Calisaya) as a bitter white crystalline substance, C20H24N2O2. Hence, by extension (Med.), any of the salts of this alkaloid, as the acetate, chloride, sulphate, etc., employed as a febrifuge or antiperiodic. Called also quinia, quinina, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) The influence of the hexylsalicylic acid (2) on the pharmacokinetic of the quinine (1), was studied using rabbits.
(2) Concomitant with the inhibition of K+ and Na+ transport, quinine stimulates ATP hydrolysis by 57%.
(3) those that had entered the G1 phase) expressed an increased amount of Fc gamma RII and (b) blocking the entry of activated cells into the S phase (with the ion channel blocker quinine) did not affect the Fc gamma RII induction by LPS.
(4) It was found that DI rats responded less than LE rats on the progressive-ratio schedule and that DI rats suppressed drinking as much as LE rats at each concentration of quinine used on the drinking-suppression test.
(5) Microsomal metabolites were also isolated from quinine and quinidine incubations with rabbit or guinea pig liver fractions.
(6) A nearly complete blockade of channel current was observed at 100 nM quinine and above.
(7) Treatment may be delayed because the therapy recommended for severe or complicated disease, intravenous quinine dihydrochloride, is available only from the Centers for Disease Control.
(8) Cell proliferation was equally sensitive to quinine regardless of mitogen.
(9) The responses to quinine and mefloquine or halofantrine showed no correlation with each other.
(10) The CGRP-IR levels in the rostral (gustatory) part of the insular cortex were increased significantly by strongly aversive taste stimuli such as quinine hydrochloride and conditioned taste stimuli (NaCl and sucrose) which animals had been taught to avoid.
(11) Quinidine, the stereoisomer of quinine, had no effect on either cells from the patient or normal cells.
(12) Despite the presence in the region of an important resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine (80% specimens), one can conclude to a satisfying susceptibility of this parasite to quinine, provided posology and divided doses are respected.
(13) The clinical application of the method for routine drug monitoring and for estimating the pharmacokinetics of quinine and quinidine in man are discussed.
(14) The resistance of Plasmodium falciparum, the cause of tertian malaria, to synthetic antimalarials, together with the resistance of the vector mosquitoes to insecticides, has resulted in a resurgence in the use of quinine and a search for new antimalarial agents.
(15) all infections were sensitive to quinine plus tetracycline.
(16) Quinine applied on the intracellular side of the membrane in micromolar concentrations chopped the unitary K+ currents into bursts of brief openings.
(17) This was shown by a dye exclusion test and by mitogen stimulation after exposure and removal of quinine from the medium.
(18) These are insensitive to quinine, suggesting that they are not caused by an intracellular Ca accumulation.
(19) The spread of chloroquine-resistant malaria has led to a resurgence of quinine in clinical use.