(n. pl.) A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Coelenterata, i. e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata.
Example Sentences:
(1) Hydrozoans such as Hydra vulgaris, as with all classes of Cnidaria, are characterized by having their body wall organized as an epithelial bilayer with an intervening acellular layer termed the mesoglea.
(2) The microsporidia are a group of unusual, obligately parasitic protists that infect a great variety of other eukaryotes, including vertebrates, arthropods, molluscs, annelids, nematodes, cnidaria and even various ciliates, myxosporidia and gregarines.
(3) The nervous systems of the scyphomedusae Chrysaora hysoscella, Cyanea capillata and Cyanea lamarckii (Phylum Cnidaria) were stained using an anti-serum against the anthozoan neuropeptide Antho-RFamide.
(4) Gastrulation in Cnidaria may resemble the primitive condition but there is nevertheless considerable diversity.
(5) These data are inconsistent with the phylogenetic position which has been assigned to the Cnidaria by partial 18S rRNA sequence comparison.
(6) Prostaglandin A2 and its ester derivatives comprise as much as 8% of the wet tissue weight of some octocoral species such as Plexaura homomalla (phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, subclass Octocorallia).
(7) The presence of such a gene in the evolutionarily ancient phylum Cnidaria suggests that protein-tyrosine kinase genes arose concomitantly with or shortly after the appearance of multicellular organisms.
(8) Hydranths of the colonial marine hydroid Campanularia flexuosa (phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, order Calyptoblastea) have a mean life span of approximately 7 days in intact colonies in culture.
(9) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) contains two main toxic proteins.
(10) The application of molecular techniques to cnidarians can provide important insights into developmental processes and phylogenetic relationships both within the phylum Cnidaria and among the eumetazoa.
(11) The collagen of a primitive invertebrate, the sea-pen Veretillum Cnidaria, Octocorallia), was studied with respect to its molecular-chain composition.
(12) The Caribbean sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae (Octocorallia, Cnidaria) has been found to contain the pseudopterosins, a newly described class of natural products, which have been characterized as diterpene-pentoseglycosides.
(13) In fact, the response spectrum is not consistent within the Cnidaria.
(14) Polyp and medusa of the scyphozoans Aurelia aurita and Pelagia colorata (phylum Cnidaria) are indistinguishable by radioimmunoassay of whole animals, yet differ from other cnidarians against which they were tested.
(15) The commonest intracellular organelle characteristic of the Phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata (Subclass Zoantharia) is the spirocyst.
(16) Isolated nematocysts (capsules of stinging cells in Cnidaria) from the freshwater polyp Hydra vulgaris [Weber, J., Klug, M. & Tardent, P. (1987) Comp.
(17) It was previously shown that a toxic protein present in an extract prepared from nematocysts of Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria) is highly hemolytic and induces spasms in test animals (Klug et al., 1989, Toxicon 27, 325).
(18) The fine structure of spermatids has been examined in Calliactis, Protanthea, Gonactinia and Parazoanthus (Cnidaria, Anthozoa).
(19) During environmental anaerobiosis Cnidaria, Mollusca, Annelida and Sipunculida first couple additional pathways for energy extraction to the glycolytic pathway (the aspartate--succinate pathway) and later deviate the main carbon flow of glycogen at the level of phosphoenolpyruvate towards succinate, propionate and acetate production.
(20) Swimming behaviour and locomotor adaptations are described in chaetognaths, larvacean tunicates, some cnidaria, and thaliacean tunicates.
Cnidarian
Definition:
Example Sentences:
(1) Because ctenophore and all other known metazoan mtDNA is circular, the shared occurrence of linear mtDNA in three of the four cnidarian classes suggests a basal position for the Anthozoa within the phylum.
(2) Cloning of three Antennapedia-related sequences from cnidarians provides evidence of ancient roles for homeobox genes early in metazoan evolution.
(3) Cnidocytes, the stinging cells of cnidarians, discharge nematocysts in response to physical contact accompanied by the stimulation of specific chemoreceptors.
(4) It is suggested that they may also be present as predominant components in nematocysts of other cnidarian species and thus might represent a class of compounds which is characteristic for a whole phylum of the animal kingdom.
(5) The principal sources of these agents are bacteria, higher fungi, cnidarians (coelenterates) and the venoms of snakes, insects and other arthropods.
(6) The presence of cholecystokinin (CCK), originally isolated from porcine small intestine, has been reported in a diversity of invertebrates ranging, from cnidarians to protochordates, but so far, not in echinoderms.
(7) Cnidarians arose from a protist ancestry different from the second group, the Bilateria.
(8) In these trees, cnidarians (Radiata) seemed to have evolved independently from the Bilateria, which is in contradiction with the general evolutionary view.
(9) It is present in all cnidarians and can be isolated without enzyme treatment.
(10) The ganglion has been compared to the nervous systems in cnidarians, some spiralians, and especially other hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates; it is found to be of primitive rather than degenerate nature.
(11) We report the nucleotide sequence of eveC, a cnidarian eve-class homeobox; this is the first homeobox to be identified in any diploblastic organism, and is only the second eve-class in an invertebrate.
(12) We previously characterized annexin XII from the freshwater cnidarian Hydra vulgaris (Schlaepfer, D. D., D. A. Fisher, M. E. Brandt, H. R. Bode, J. Jones, and H. T. Haigler.
(13) This report describes the cloning and sequencing of both cDNA and genomic clones of GFP from the cnidarian, Aequorea victoria.
(14) Eggs from all of the animals considered are covered by complex vitelline envelopes except those of cnidarians.
(15) The application of molecular techniques to cnidarians can provide important insights into developmental processes and phylogenetic relationships both within the phylum Cnidaria and among the eumetazoa.
(16) A new system is described for the study of ECM-tissue interactions, using the ECM (called mesogloea) of various cnidarians and isolated striated muscle and endodermal tissue of jellyfish.
(17) gamma-Glutamyltransferase activity was studied in extracts of the cnidarian Hydra attenuata.
(18) The results show that: polyps under normal conditions have similar regeneration patterns, regardless of individual variability; and ATxII, a neurotoxin of cnidarian origin, produces a statistically significant increase in the Tentacle Regeneration Index.
(19) In the context of earlier observations in cnidarians, these cytological features suggest a sensory as well as a modulatory function for 5-HT in Renilla koellikeri.
(20) Specifically, sperm eggs from cnidarians, echinoderms, decapod crustaceans, ascidians, lampreys, bony fishes, and amphibians are discussed.