(n. pl.) A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Coelenterata, i. e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata.
Example Sentences:
(1) Hydrozoans such as Hydra vulgaris, as with all classes of Cnidaria, are characterized by having their body wall organized as an epithelial bilayer with an intervening acellular layer termed the mesoglea.
(2) The microsporidia are a group of unusual, obligately parasitic protists that infect a great variety of other eukaryotes, including vertebrates, arthropods, molluscs, annelids, nematodes, cnidaria and even various ciliates, myxosporidia and gregarines.
(3) The nervous systems of the scyphomedusae Chrysaora hysoscella, Cyanea capillata and Cyanea lamarckii (Phylum Cnidaria) were stained using an anti-serum against the anthozoan neuropeptide Antho-RFamide.
(4) Gastrulation in Cnidaria may resemble the primitive condition but there is nevertheless considerable diversity.
(5) These data are inconsistent with the phylogenetic position which has been assigned to the Cnidaria by partial 18S rRNA sequence comparison.
(6) Prostaglandin A2 and its ester derivatives comprise as much as 8% of the wet tissue weight of some octocoral species such as Plexaura homomalla (phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, subclass Octocorallia).
(7) The presence of such a gene in the evolutionarily ancient phylum Cnidaria suggests that protein-tyrosine kinase genes arose concomitantly with or shortly after the appearance of multicellular organisms.
(8) Hydranths of the colonial marine hydroid Campanularia flexuosa (phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, order Calyptoblastea) have a mean life span of approximately 7 days in intact colonies in culture.
(9) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) contains two main toxic proteins.
(10) The application of molecular techniques to cnidarians can provide important insights into developmental processes and phylogenetic relationships both within the phylum Cnidaria and among the eumetazoa.
(11) The collagen of a primitive invertebrate, the sea-pen Veretillum Cnidaria, Octocorallia), was studied with respect to its molecular-chain composition.
(12) The Caribbean sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae (Octocorallia, Cnidaria) has been found to contain the pseudopterosins, a newly described class of natural products, which have been characterized as diterpene-pentoseglycosides.
(13) In fact, the response spectrum is not consistent within the Cnidaria.
(14) Polyp and medusa of the scyphozoans Aurelia aurita and Pelagia colorata (phylum Cnidaria) are indistinguishable by radioimmunoassay of whole animals, yet differ from other cnidarians against which they were tested.
(15) The commonest intracellular organelle characteristic of the Phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata (Subclass Zoantharia) is the spirocyst.
(16) Isolated nematocysts (capsules of stinging cells in Cnidaria) from the freshwater polyp Hydra vulgaris [Weber, J., Klug, M. & Tardent, P. (1987) Comp.
(17) It was previously shown that a toxic protein present in an extract prepared from nematocysts of Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria) is highly hemolytic and induces spasms in test animals (Klug et al., 1989, Toxicon 27, 325).
(18) The fine structure of spermatids has been examined in Calliactis, Protanthea, Gonactinia and Parazoanthus (Cnidaria, Anthozoa).
(19) During environmental anaerobiosis Cnidaria, Mollusca, Annelida and Sipunculida first couple additional pathways for energy extraction to the glycolytic pathway (the aspartate--succinate pathway) and later deviate the main carbon flow of glycogen at the level of phosphoenolpyruvate towards succinate, propionate and acetate production.
(20) Swimming behaviour and locomotor adaptations are described in chaetognaths, larvacean tunicates, some cnidaria, and thaliacean tunicates.
Metazoan
Definition:
(n.) One of the Metazoa.
Example Sentences:
(1) Because ctenophore and all other known metazoan mtDNA is circular, the shared occurrence of linear mtDNA in three of the four cnidarian classes suggests a basal position for the Anthozoa within the phylum.
(2) There is also some evidence that this exists in metazoan cells and is perhaps involved in neoplastic transformation.
(3) The origin of metazoa implies the passage from an eukarote protozoan to a protozygote ancestor of a metazoan zygote.
(4) The protein genes are the same as 12 of the 13 protein genes found in other metazoan mtDNAs: Cyt b, cytochrome b; COI-III, cytochrome c oxidase subunits I-III; ATPase6, Fo ATPase subunit 6; ND1-6 and 4L, NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1-6 and 4L: a gene for ATPase subunit 8, common to other metazoan mtDNAs, has not been identified in nematode mtDNAs.
(5) Yeast counterparts of the metazoan spliceosomal snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6) have been identified but, with the exception of U6, the yeast snRNAs are larger and sequence similarity is limited to short regions.
(6) PCR also proved to be a rapid method for identifying homeobox sequences from diverse metazoan species.
(7) The earliest metazoans, when symmetrical at all, were probably radial in symmetry.
(8) The most probable hypothesis is that of a symbiotic origin of the first zygote by association of two protists one signifying a spherical oocell and the other a flagellated spermatozoan; this could be the first step of the metazoan ontogenesis and therefore also of the phylogenesis.
(9) A summary of the metazoan parasites reported from A. rufa is included.
(10) Comparison of the sequences obtained from the different species indicate that the metazoan lineages all appear to have arisen at approximately the same time and significantly later than the time of divergence of yeast from the common ancestor of the Metazoa.
(11) Movements, manifest as changes in cell arrangements and shape, are an integral part of metazoan development.
(12) The role of convergent extension in gastrulation of other amphibians and other metazoans and its significance to related problems in early development are discussed.
(13) The structure of Pit-1 and its recognition elements suggests that metazoan tissue phenotype is controlled by a family of transcription factors that bind to related cis-active elements and contain several highly conserved domains.
(14) We also mutagenized a portion of the yeast core subdomain, a region conserved in primary and secondary structure among several yeast species but absent from the much smaller metazoan U1 molecule.
(15) Although multiple infections often confounded interpretation it was concluded that the major infectious diseases, of approximately equal importance, were coccidiosis, bacterial septicaemia with Gram-negative organisms, and metazoan parasitism including ascariasis and pentastomiasis.
(16) This work demonstrates that conversion takes place at an appreciable frequency between tandem repeats in metazoan germline.
(17) PI did not cochromatograph with any of the catecholamines commonly thought to be involved in immune responses of dipterans against metazoan parasites, suggesting that it may be a unique substrate for these reactions.
(18) Formation of the 3' end of U1 and U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) precursors is directed by a conserved sequence called the 3' box located 9 to 28 nucleotides downstream of all metazoan U1 to U4 snRNA genes sequenced so far.
(19) Cloning of three Antennapedia-related sequences from cnidarians provides evidence of ancient roles for homeobox genes early in metazoan evolution.
(20) Implications of a replicon basis for chromatin structure-function and the evolution of metazoan organisms are considered.