(n. pl.) A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Coelenterata, i. e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata.
Example Sentences:
(1) Hydrozoans such as Hydra vulgaris, as with all classes of Cnidaria, are characterized by having their body wall organized as an epithelial bilayer with an intervening acellular layer termed the mesoglea.
(2) The microsporidia are a group of unusual, obligately parasitic protists that infect a great variety of other eukaryotes, including vertebrates, arthropods, molluscs, annelids, nematodes, cnidaria and even various ciliates, myxosporidia and gregarines.
(3) The nervous systems of the scyphomedusae Chrysaora hysoscella, Cyanea capillata and Cyanea lamarckii (Phylum Cnidaria) were stained using an anti-serum against the anthozoan neuropeptide Antho-RFamide.
(4) Gastrulation in Cnidaria may resemble the primitive condition but there is nevertheless considerable diversity.
(5) These data are inconsistent with the phylogenetic position which has been assigned to the Cnidaria by partial 18S rRNA sequence comparison.
(6) Prostaglandin A2 and its ester derivatives comprise as much as 8% of the wet tissue weight of some octocoral species such as Plexaura homomalla (phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, subclass Octocorallia).
(7) The presence of such a gene in the evolutionarily ancient phylum Cnidaria suggests that protein-tyrosine kinase genes arose concomitantly with or shortly after the appearance of multicellular organisms.
(8) Hydranths of the colonial marine hydroid Campanularia flexuosa (phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, order Calyptoblastea) have a mean life span of approximately 7 days in intact colonies in culture.
(9) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) contains two main toxic proteins.
(10) The application of molecular techniques to cnidarians can provide important insights into developmental processes and phylogenetic relationships both within the phylum Cnidaria and among the eumetazoa.
(11) The collagen of a primitive invertebrate, the sea-pen Veretillum Cnidaria, Octocorallia), was studied with respect to its molecular-chain composition.
(12) The Caribbean sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae (Octocorallia, Cnidaria) has been found to contain the pseudopterosins, a newly described class of natural products, which have been characterized as diterpene-pentoseglycosides.
(13) In fact, the response spectrum is not consistent within the Cnidaria.
(14) Polyp and medusa of the scyphozoans Aurelia aurita and Pelagia colorata (phylum Cnidaria) are indistinguishable by radioimmunoassay of whole animals, yet differ from other cnidarians against which they were tested.
(15) The commonest intracellular organelle characteristic of the Phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata (Subclass Zoantharia) is the spirocyst.
(16) Isolated nematocysts (capsules of stinging cells in Cnidaria) from the freshwater polyp Hydra vulgaris [Weber, J., Klug, M. & Tardent, P. (1987) Comp.
(17) It was previously shown that a toxic protein present in an extract prepared from nematocysts of Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria) is highly hemolytic and induces spasms in test animals (Klug et al., 1989, Toxicon 27, 325).
(18) The fine structure of spermatids has been examined in Calliactis, Protanthea, Gonactinia and Parazoanthus (Cnidaria, Anthozoa).
(19) During environmental anaerobiosis Cnidaria, Mollusca, Annelida and Sipunculida first couple additional pathways for energy extraction to the glycolytic pathway (the aspartate--succinate pathway) and later deviate the main carbon flow of glycogen at the level of phosphoenolpyruvate towards succinate, propionate and acetate production.
(20) Swimming behaviour and locomotor adaptations are described in chaetognaths, larvacean tunicates, some cnidaria, and thaliacean tunicates.
Porifera
Definition:
(n. pl.) A grand division of the Invertebrata, including the sponges; -- called also Spongiae, Spongida, and Spongiozoa. The principal divisions are Calcispongiae, Keratosa or Fibrospongiae, and Silicea.
Example Sentences:
(1) The aminoacid composition is quite different from those previously reported in Porifera.
(2) By way of contrast, the multicellular animals lower than the Porifera and belonging to the phyla Placozoa and Mesozoa are only a few millimeters in size.
(3) is provided, but the presence of unconventional sterols in sponge membranes is shown not to be a universal feature of the Porifera.
(4) The phylogeny provides clearer definitions for kingdoms, and indicates the separation into seven kingdoms, as follows: Monera, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi, Porifera, Plantae, Animalia.
(5) In order to resolve the phylogenetic position of the Porifera it must be determined whether these cells migrate inwards to become adult choanocytes or are lost at metamorphosis.
(6) Finally some unexpected relationships were revealed among Porifera.
(7) Neither amino acid was found in tissues from representative species of Porifera and Chordata.
(8) The presence of at least four such genes in the evolutionary ancient and primitive phylum Porifera suggests that tyrosine kinase genes arose concomitantly with or shortly after the appearance of multicellular organisms and that their activity may be involved in aggregation and cell-cell recognition.
(9) The sulfated mucopolysaccharide composition of 22 species of invertebrates belonging to the phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Tunicata, Echinodermata, Coelenterata, and Porifera was analyzed.
(10) Sulfated polysaccharides, therefore, appeared to be involved in cell interaction events in the Porifera.
(11) They are not directly comparable to the tissues of the highest porifera exhibiting the lowest animal tissues.
(12) 1) Acidic forms of the sulphatase were partially purified from the following invertebrate species: Tethya aurantium (Porifera), Patella vulgata (mollusca), Maja squinado (Arthropoda), Marthasterias glacialis (Echinodermata) and Microcosmus sulcatus (Tunicata).
(13) The time dependence of the lysate viscosities with and without the DNA-damaging agent bleomycin is given and the dose:activity curves of this agent with sponge homogenates from two orders of Porifera are given with their 50% effective concentration values.
(14) Collagen is present in Porifera, the lowest multicellular animals, but there is no information available on the primary structure of the collagen chains in this phylum.
(15) Phylogenetic analyses undertaken using different methods showed deep radiations of phyla such as Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa but also for groups of Porifera of low taxonomic rank.