(1) Because ctenophore and all other known metazoan mtDNA is circular, the shared occurrence of linear mtDNA in three of the four cnidarian classes suggests a basal position for the Anthozoa within the phylum.
(2) Cloning of three Antennapedia-related sequences from cnidarians provides evidence of ancient roles for homeobox genes early in metazoan evolution.
(3) Cnidocytes, the stinging cells of cnidarians, discharge nematocysts in response to physical contact accompanied by the stimulation of specific chemoreceptors.
(4) It is suggested that they may also be present as predominant components in nematocysts of other cnidarian species and thus might represent a class of compounds which is characteristic for a whole phylum of the animal kingdom.
(5) The principal sources of these agents are bacteria, higher fungi, cnidarians (coelenterates) and the venoms of snakes, insects and other arthropods.
(6) The presence of cholecystokinin (CCK), originally isolated from porcine small intestine, has been reported in a diversity of invertebrates ranging, from cnidarians to protochordates, but so far, not in echinoderms.
(7) Cnidarians arose from a protist ancestry different from the second group, the Bilateria.
(8) In these trees, cnidarians (Radiata) seemed to have evolved independently from the Bilateria, which is in contradiction with the general evolutionary view.
(9) It is present in all cnidarians and can be isolated without enzyme treatment.
(10) The ganglion has been compared to the nervous systems in cnidarians, some spiralians, and especially other hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates; it is found to be of primitive rather than degenerate nature.
(11) We report the nucleotide sequence of eveC, a cnidarian eve-class homeobox; this is the first homeobox to be identified in any diploblastic organism, and is only the second eve-class in an invertebrate.
(12) We previously characterized annexin XII from the freshwater cnidarian Hydra vulgaris (Schlaepfer, D. D., D. A. Fisher, M. E. Brandt, H. R. Bode, J. Jones, and H. T. Haigler.
(13) This report describes the cloning and sequencing of both cDNA and genomic clones of GFP from the cnidarian, Aequorea victoria.
(14) Eggs from all of the animals considered are covered by complex vitelline envelopes except those of cnidarians.
(15) The application of molecular techniques to cnidarians can provide important insights into developmental processes and phylogenetic relationships both within the phylum Cnidaria and among the eumetazoa.
(16) A new system is described for the study of ECM-tissue interactions, using the ECM (called mesogloea) of various cnidarians and isolated striated muscle and endodermal tissue of jellyfish.
(17) gamma-Glutamyltransferase activity was studied in extracts of the cnidarian Hydra attenuata.
(18) The results show that: polyps under normal conditions have similar regeneration patterns, regardless of individual variability; and ATxII, a neurotoxin of cnidarian origin, produces a statistically significant increase in the Tentacle Regeneration Index.
(19) In the context of earlier observations in cnidarians, these cytological features suggest a sensory as well as a modulatory function for 5-HT in Renilla koellikeri.
(20) Specifically, sperm eggs from cnidarians, echinoderms, decapod crustaceans, ascidians, lampreys, bony fishes, and amphibians are discussed.
Coelenterate
Definition:
(a.) Belonging to the Coelentera.
(n.) One of the Coelentera.
Example Sentences:
(1) Coelenterate and poriferan connective tissues were devoid of these acid polysaccharides.
(2) Many coelenterates can injure human skin by means of their nematocytes.
(3) The system of a related anthozoan coelenterate, the sea pansy Renilla reniformis, however, is oxygen dependent, requiring two organic components, luciferin and luciferase.
(4) A Ca2+-triggered luciferin-binding protein (BP-LH2) from the bioluminescent marine coelenterate, Renilla reniformis, has been purified by conventional methods.
(5) There are various types of photoproteins: the photoproteins of coelenterates, ctenophores and radiolarians require Ca2+ to trigger their luminescence; the photoproteins of the bivalve Pholas and of the scale worm appear to involve superoxide radicals and O2 in their light-emitting reactions; the photoprotein of euphausiid shrimps emits light only in the presence of a special fluorescent compound; the photoprotein of the millipede Luminodesmus, the only known example of terrestrial origin, requires ATP and Mg2+ to emit light.
(6) Glutamate dehydrogenases detected in tissue extracts of a broad sample of coelenterate species all require NADP(H) as a co-substrate, rather than being capable of using either NAD(H) or NADP(H).
(7) Mucus is an ubiquitous polymer hydrogel that functions as a protective coat on the surface of integument and mucosa of species ranging from simple animals (such as coelenterates) to mammals.
(8) In the hydrozoan coelenterate Obelia geniculata, epithelial cell action potentials trigger light emission from photocyte effector cells containing obelin, an endogenous calcium-activated photoprotein.
(9) We studied by immunohistochemistry three cases of delayed envenomation by coelenterates.
(10) These case histories demonstrate that multiple recurrent eruptions may follow solitary envenomations by different subphyla of coelenterates, that the initial eruption induced by the sting may be delayed by the administration of high doses of systemic corticosteroids, and that an immunologic reaction in both the B and T cell systems can follow jellyfish envenomation.
(11) The regeneration of coelenterate photoproteins in this manner probably takes place in vivo, utilizing stored coelenterazine.
(12) At least 100 of the approximately 9,000 species of coelenterates are dangerous to humans.
(13) Hydra viridis (= Chlorohydra viridissima) the freshwater coelenterate, is symbiotic.
(14) Some years ago our laboratory reported that the bioluminescence reaction in the ctenophores which had long eluded definition involved a calcium activated photoprotein similar in many respects to that found in other coelenterates, notably Aequorea.
(15) Skin tumor-promoting agents, including the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-type tumor promoters, such as diterpine phorbol esters, teleocidin and aplysiatoxin, and a non-TPA-type tumor promoter (the newly described palytoxin, present in the coelenterate of the genus Palythoa), stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism by rat liver cells in culture.
(16) Their distribution among lipids of a number of species of different classes of coelenterates from the northern and tropical seas, among neutral and polar lipids of these organisms was investigated.
(17) By using immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassays, several substances resembling vertebrate or invertebrate neuropeptides have been found in the nervous systems of coelenterates.
(18) Sudden death following coelenterate envenomation is not uncommon in Australia where the Pacific box jellyfish is indigenous.
(19) The principal sources of these agents are bacteria, higher fungi, cnidarians (coelenterates) and the venoms of snakes, insects and other arthropods.
(20) The recurrent eruptions appeared several days after the primary exposure without contact with any offending coelenterate.