(1) Because ctenophore and all other known metazoan mtDNA is circular, the shared occurrence of linear mtDNA in three of the four cnidarian classes suggests a basal position for the Anthozoa within the phylum.
(2) Cloning of three Antennapedia-related sequences from cnidarians provides evidence of ancient roles for homeobox genes early in metazoan evolution.
(3) Cnidocytes, the stinging cells of cnidarians, discharge nematocysts in response to physical contact accompanied by the stimulation of specific chemoreceptors.
(4) It is suggested that they may also be present as predominant components in nematocysts of other cnidarian species and thus might represent a class of compounds which is characteristic for a whole phylum of the animal kingdom.
(5) The principal sources of these agents are bacteria, higher fungi, cnidarians (coelenterates) and the venoms of snakes, insects and other arthropods.
(6) The presence of cholecystokinin (CCK), originally isolated from porcine small intestine, has been reported in a diversity of invertebrates ranging, from cnidarians to protochordates, but so far, not in echinoderms.
(7) Cnidarians arose from a protist ancestry different from the second group, the Bilateria.
(8) In these trees, cnidarians (Radiata) seemed to have evolved independently from the Bilateria, which is in contradiction with the general evolutionary view.
(9) It is present in all cnidarians and can be isolated without enzyme treatment.
(10) The ganglion has been compared to the nervous systems in cnidarians, some spiralians, and especially other hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates; it is found to be of primitive rather than degenerate nature.
(11) We report the nucleotide sequence of eveC, a cnidarian eve-class homeobox; this is the first homeobox to be identified in any diploblastic organism, and is only the second eve-class in an invertebrate.
(12) We previously characterized annexin XII from the freshwater cnidarian Hydra vulgaris (Schlaepfer, D. D., D. A. Fisher, M. E. Brandt, H. R. Bode, J. Jones, and H. T. Haigler.
(13) This report describes the cloning and sequencing of both cDNA and genomic clones of GFP from the cnidarian, Aequorea victoria.
(14) Eggs from all of the animals considered are covered by complex vitelline envelopes except those of cnidarians.
(15) The application of molecular techniques to cnidarians can provide important insights into developmental processes and phylogenetic relationships both within the phylum Cnidaria and among the eumetazoa.
(16) A new system is described for the study of ECM-tissue interactions, using the ECM (called mesogloea) of various cnidarians and isolated striated muscle and endodermal tissue of jellyfish.
(17) gamma-Glutamyltransferase activity was studied in extracts of the cnidarian Hydra attenuata.
(18) The results show that: polyps under normal conditions have similar regeneration patterns, regardless of individual variability; and ATxII, a neurotoxin of cnidarian origin, produces a statistically significant increase in the Tentacle Regeneration Index.
(19) In the context of earlier observations in cnidarians, these cytological features suggest a sensory as well as a modulatory function for 5-HT in Renilla koellikeri.
(20) Specifically, sperm eggs from cnidarians, echinoderms, decapod crustaceans, ascidians, lampreys, bony fishes, and amphibians are discussed.
Medusa
Definition:
(n.) The Gorgon; or one of the Gorgons whose hair was changed into serpents, after which all who looked upon her were turned into stone.
(n.) Any free swimming acaleph; a jellyfish.
Example Sentences:
(1) "I keep seeing visions of a woman with Medusa-like grey hair," Langdon murmured.
(2) Investigation on important medusae and the chemistry of their nematocyst venoms have been expanding.
(3) Complications worth mentioning included three slight losses of vitreous, bleeding into the anterior chamber in four cases, and one loss of the anterior chamber with caput medusae of the iris and secondary opacification of the lens.
(4) Bacillus medusa was found to carry three phages or phagelike structures named phi med-1, phi med-2, and phi med-3.
(5) Small medusae possess a circulatory system of narrow tubes subdivided into several compartments by functional "sphincters."
(6) B. medusa produced small numbers of phi med-2 during growth.
(7) Normally, vertebral pathways with sufficient circulation prevent oedema of the limbs, bilateral varicoceles and caput medusae of the abdominal wall.
(8) It appears to participate in the formation of a surface layer on the parasporal inclusion of B. medusa.
(9) The responses of Aurelia medusae to pharmacological agents and ionic variation were classified into four response types: Type I, no response; Type II, inhibition of pacemaker activity; Type III, inhibition of both pacemakers and swimming muscles; and Type IV, increase in pacemaker output.
(10) In portal hypertension, three types of cutaneous portosystemic collaterals may develop: the 'classical' caput Medusae, enterostomal varices and scar or adhesion-related abdominal collaterals.
(11) The diagnosis was made by real-time ultrasonography, which showed echographic caput medusae with large afferent umbilical veins and efferent inferior superficial epigastric veins.
(12) Consideration of these properties of the organisation of this species suggests that normal slow swimming is controlled by a mechanism similar to that found in other medusae, while the escape response is the result of the action of the giant axons.
(13) The "RS" variant ("medusae head" surface colonies) is not pathogenic for mice and guinea pigs (even B. anthracis) if the tested strains are cultivated for years in ordinary solid nutrient media; the same morphological variants are strongly pathogenic (also B. subtilis), when the strains are recently isolated from infected animals.
(14) The comparison of the responses to the test solutions between the medusa, scyphistoma, and strobila showed that the neuromuscular systems are physiologically different.
(15) Abdominal varices consisting of a caput medusae and dilated mesenteric veins resulted in pooling of Tc-99m tagged red blood cells (RBC) within these dilated vessels in a 57-year-old man with severe Laennec's cirrhosis.
(16) Using a radioimmunoassay for the peptide sequence Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide), two peptides have now been purified from acetic acid extracts of this medusa.
(17) A novel method for separating porphyrin polycarboxylic acids is described and illustrated by its application to the direct analysis of biological (deep-sea medusae), clinical (urine) and chemical ('haematoporphyrin derivative') samples.
(18) Dr Elizabeth Sinskey, CEO of the World Health Organisation, combed her Medusa-like grey hair and thought unnecessarily of the glucocorticoid treatment that had destroyed her reproductive system.
(19) Angiography with Tc-99m labeled RBCs demonstrated an arterioportal fistula and a caput medusa.
(20) Similarly, the responses of adult medusae to ionic variation show no consistent pattern within various scyphomedusae.