(1) Because ctenophore and all other known metazoan mtDNA is circular, the shared occurrence of linear mtDNA in three of the four cnidarian classes suggests a basal position for the Anthozoa within the phylum.
(2) Cloning of three Antennapedia-related sequences from cnidarians provides evidence of ancient roles for homeobox genes early in metazoan evolution.
(3) Cnidocytes, the stinging cells of cnidarians, discharge nematocysts in response to physical contact accompanied by the stimulation of specific chemoreceptors.
(4) It is suggested that they may also be present as predominant components in nematocysts of other cnidarian species and thus might represent a class of compounds which is characteristic for a whole phylum of the animal kingdom.
(5) The principal sources of these agents are bacteria, higher fungi, cnidarians (coelenterates) and the venoms of snakes, insects and other arthropods.
(6) The presence of cholecystokinin (CCK), originally isolated from porcine small intestine, has been reported in a diversity of invertebrates ranging, from cnidarians to protochordates, but so far, not in echinoderms.
(7) Cnidarians arose from a protist ancestry different from the second group, the Bilateria.
(8) In these trees, cnidarians (Radiata) seemed to have evolved independently from the Bilateria, which is in contradiction with the general evolutionary view.
(9) It is present in all cnidarians and can be isolated without enzyme treatment.
(10) The ganglion has been compared to the nervous systems in cnidarians, some spiralians, and especially other hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates; it is found to be of primitive rather than degenerate nature.
(11) We report the nucleotide sequence of eveC, a cnidarian eve-class homeobox; this is the first homeobox to be identified in any diploblastic organism, and is only the second eve-class in an invertebrate.
(12) We previously characterized annexin XII from the freshwater cnidarian Hydra vulgaris (Schlaepfer, D. D., D. A. Fisher, M. E. Brandt, H. R. Bode, J. Jones, and H. T. Haigler.
(13) This report describes the cloning and sequencing of both cDNA and genomic clones of GFP from the cnidarian, Aequorea victoria.
(14) Eggs from all of the animals considered are covered by complex vitelline envelopes except those of cnidarians.
(15) The application of molecular techniques to cnidarians can provide important insights into developmental processes and phylogenetic relationships both within the phylum Cnidaria and among the eumetazoa.
(16) A new system is described for the study of ECM-tissue interactions, using the ECM (called mesogloea) of various cnidarians and isolated striated muscle and endodermal tissue of jellyfish.
(17) gamma-Glutamyltransferase activity was studied in extracts of the cnidarian Hydra attenuata.
(18) The results show that: polyps under normal conditions have similar regeneration patterns, regardless of individual variability; and ATxII, a neurotoxin of cnidarian origin, produces a statistically significant increase in the Tentacle Regeneration Index.
(19) In the context of earlier observations in cnidarians, these cytological features suggest a sensory as well as a modulatory function for 5-HT in Renilla koellikeri.
(20) Specifically, sperm eggs from cnidarians, echinoderms, decapod crustaceans, ascidians, lampreys, bony fishes, and amphibians are discussed.
Metazoan
Definition:
(n.) One of the Metazoa.
Example Sentences:
(1) Because ctenophore and all other known metazoan mtDNA is circular, the shared occurrence of linear mtDNA in three of the four cnidarian classes suggests a basal position for the Anthozoa within the phylum.
(2) There is also some evidence that this exists in metazoan cells and is perhaps involved in neoplastic transformation.
(3) The origin of metazoa implies the passage from an eukarote protozoan to a protozygote ancestor of a metazoan zygote.
(4) The protein genes are the same as 12 of the 13 protein genes found in other metazoan mtDNAs: Cyt b, cytochrome b; COI-III, cytochrome c oxidase subunits I-III; ATPase6, Fo ATPase subunit 6; ND1-6 and 4L, NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1-6 and 4L: a gene for ATPase subunit 8, common to other metazoan mtDNAs, has not been identified in nematode mtDNAs.
(5) Yeast counterparts of the metazoan spliceosomal snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6) have been identified but, with the exception of U6, the yeast snRNAs are larger and sequence similarity is limited to short regions.
(6) PCR also proved to be a rapid method for identifying homeobox sequences from diverse metazoan species.
(7) The earliest metazoans, when symmetrical at all, were probably radial in symmetry.
(8) The most probable hypothesis is that of a symbiotic origin of the first zygote by association of two protists one signifying a spherical oocell and the other a flagellated spermatozoan; this could be the first step of the metazoan ontogenesis and therefore also of the phylogenesis.
(9) A summary of the metazoan parasites reported from A. rufa is included.
(10) Comparison of the sequences obtained from the different species indicate that the metazoan lineages all appear to have arisen at approximately the same time and significantly later than the time of divergence of yeast from the common ancestor of the Metazoa.
(11) Movements, manifest as changes in cell arrangements and shape, are an integral part of metazoan development.
(12) The role of convergent extension in gastrulation of other amphibians and other metazoans and its significance to related problems in early development are discussed.
(13) The structure of Pit-1 and its recognition elements suggests that metazoan tissue phenotype is controlled by a family of transcription factors that bind to related cis-active elements and contain several highly conserved domains.
(14) We also mutagenized a portion of the yeast core subdomain, a region conserved in primary and secondary structure among several yeast species but absent from the much smaller metazoan U1 molecule.
(15) Although multiple infections often confounded interpretation it was concluded that the major infectious diseases, of approximately equal importance, were coccidiosis, bacterial septicaemia with Gram-negative organisms, and metazoan parasitism including ascariasis and pentastomiasis.
(16) This work demonstrates that conversion takes place at an appreciable frequency between tandem repeats in metazoan germline.
(17) PI did not cochromatograph with any of the catecholamines commonly thought to be involved in immune responses of dipterans against metazoan parasites, suggesting that it may be a unique substrate for these reactions.
(18) Formation of the 3' end of U1 and U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) precursors is directed by a conserved sequence called the 3' box located 9 to 28 nucleotides downstream of all metazoan U1 to U4 snRNA genes sequenced so far.
(19) Cloning of three Antennapedia-related sequences from cnidarians provides evidence of ancient roles for homeobox genes early in metazoan evolution.
(20) Implications of a replicon basis for chromatin structure-function and the evolution of metazoan organisms are considered.