(n.) A thoroughly charred, and extinguished or still ignited, fragment from wood or other combustible substance; charcoal.
(n.) A black, or brownish black, solid, combustible substance, dug from beds or veins in the earth to be used for fuel, and consisting, like charcoal, mainly of carbon, but more compact, and often affording, when heated, a large amount of volatile matter.
(v. t.) To burn to charcoal; to char.
(v. t.) To mark or delineate with charcoal.
(v. t.) To supply with coal; as, to coal a steamer.
(v. i.) To take in coal; as, the steamer coaled at Southampton.
Example Sentences:
(1) The biggest single source of air pollution is coal-fired power stations and China, with its large population and heavy reliance on coal power, provides $2.3tn of the annual subsidies.
(2) Photograph: AP Reasons for wavering • State relies on coal-fired electricity • Poor prospects for wind power • Conservative Democrat • Represents conservative district in conservative state and was elected on narrow margins Campaign support from fossil fuel interests in 2008 • $93,743 G K Butterfield (North Carolina) GK Butterfield, North Carolina.
(3) Nick Robins, head of the Climate Change Centre at HSBC, said: "If you think about low-carbon energy only in terms of carbon, then things look tough [in terms of not using coal].
(4) The fact that it is still used is regrettable yet unavoidable at present, but the average quantity is three times less than the mercury released into the atmosphere by burning the extra coal need to power equivalent incandescent bulbs.
(5) According to the International Energy Agency, 147m Indians will remain without electricity into 2030 under a business as usual scenario emphasising coal.
(6) My grandfather was a coal miner and Nana was rather plump and bossy.
(7) Shenhua Watermark Coal, a subsidiary of the Chinese state-owned Shenhua Group, is waiting for final approval from Hunt for a $1.2bn open-cut coalmine on the edge of the plains, a little more than three kilometres from Hamparsum’s property.
(8) Instead the textbook simply reads: "Traditional industries, such as shipbuilding and coal mining, declined ... during her premiership, there were a number of important economic reforms within the UK".
(9) In the US, electricity accounts for 39% of emissions – and 75% of that is contributed by coal.
(10) A survey was conducted in southern Illinois with a population of 46 coal miners and ex-coal miners ranging in age from 42 to 86 years.
(11) Australia’s greatest contribution to global warming is through our coal, exported and burned in foreign power stations.
(12) By its calorific value the mycelial waste is equal to brown coal or peat.
(13) The DECC believes clusters of coal and gas plants with CCS would offer efficiency because they could share the costs of building and operating pipelines to storage facilities, probably in old North Sea oil and gas fields.
(14) Its few remaining mines involve people digging coal out of hillsides.
(15) That stake in eight Indonesian coal mines represents 1GT of future carbon dioxide emissions, more than Germany’s annual output.
(16) This brings lads like 12-year-old Matthew Mason down from the magnificent studio his father Mark, from a coal-mining town ravaged by pit closures, lovingly built him in the back garden at Gants Hill, north-east London.
(17) This in turn meant frantic investment in German coal and lignite – 10 new plants are said to be opening – and a surge in Polish coal output.
(18) "It would be ridiculous to encourage shale gas when in reality its greenhouse gas footprint could be as bad as or worse than coal.
(19) We conclude that there appears to be no benefit from exceeding a concentration of 5% crude coal tar in yellow soft paraffin in the treatment of patients with psoriasis and that the plateau in the dose-response curve for the action of crude coal tar in psoriasis begins at a point between 1 and 5%.
(20) Engie, the owner of Rugeley coal-fired station in Staffordshire, which made the most recent closure announcement earlier this month, blamed low wholesale power prices as much as carbon taxes for its decision .
Copal
Definition:
() A resinous substance flowing spontaneously from trees of Zanzibar, Madagascar, and South America (Trachylobium Hornemannianum, T. verrucosum, and Hymenaea Courbaril), and dug from earth where forests have stood in Africa; -- used chiefly in making varnishes.
Example Sentences:
(1) The preliminary treatment with a copal-ether varnish (Copalite) was of insignificant value.
(2) Forty molar and premolar teeth had non-retentive cavities prepared and restored with amalgam using (1) copal varnish (control), (2) a pin, (3) Amalgambond or (4) Panavia-Ex.
(3) The sealing abilities of three therapeutic varnishes were compared with that of a conventional copal varnish in vitro under Tytin silver amalgam restorations.
(4) Compared to R0, Copal overestimates SBP, but is efficient for DBP measurement.
(5) In this study an automated sphygmomanometer, the Copal UA-231, was evaluated on the basis of duplicate blood pressure measurements, one with this machine and one with a Hawksley random zero machine, taken on 1536 participants in a health survey.
(6) The addition of amine fluorides to a copal recin (Copalite) and a chlorine caoutchouc varnish (Pergut S-40) has been studied.
(7) Ten restorations were used for each of the following groups: 1) Amalgam alone; 2) Two layers of copal varnish and amalgam; 3) Vitrabond, amalgam; 4) Timeline, amalgam; 5) XR Ionomer, amalgam.
(8) In 50 teeth removed as a result of decay, cavities were prepaired on vestibular faces and were divided into 5 equal groups: Group A: with no caviti varnish; Group B: two coats of a linkin agent (Scotch Bond 3M); Group C: an amalgam liner base (Voco); Group D; two coats of copal varnish: Group E: an amalgam bond base (Carl San Remo, Germany).
(9) Class V cavities were prepared in the buccal surfaces of extracted human canine and premolar teeth and were treated in one of the following ways: no liner or varnish, a copal varnish, or an adhesive resin liner.
(10) The Copal UA-251 is a small automatic blood-pressure monitor, which relies on a piezo-electric microphone for detection of Korotkoff sounds.
(11) Group IA (n = 20) included 20 patients and compared Copal to intra-aortic measurement.
(12) Same results occur for IA-Copal values (SBP: r = 0.36, DBP: r = 0.30).
(13) A novel formulation of nicardipine (50% standard (short acting), 50% sustained release) was evaluated in mild hypertension in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, using clinic measurements (Hawksley) augmented by home recorded blood pressures (Copal UA 251).
(14) Less microleakage was observed in resin-bonded amalgam restorations than in Copal varnish-lined or unlined restorations.
(15) The results demonstrated significant advantages of using a dentine adhesive as an interfacial sealer in order to reduce microleakage, compared to a conventional Copal varnish.
(16) Four groups were studied, including copal varnish, which was used as a control.
(17) Specimens were randomly assigned to four equal groups for liner placement: Group I--control, no liner used; Group II--copal varnish; Group III--4-META adhesive; Group IV--dentin bonding agent.
(18) Copals and damars are produced by trees belonging to the Araucariaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Burseraceae families.
(19) No significant improvement in the sealing properties of either the conventional or high-copper amalgam restorations was achieved after the 14-month period by the application of Copal varnish.
(20) The rate of marginal microleakage was not significantly affected by the application of a Copal varnish after this period.