(v. t.) To bring together by colligation; to sum up in a single proposition.
(a.) Bound together.
Example Sentences:
(1) The nonideality of all three colligative expressions is described by a dimensionless constant called the solute-solvent interaction parameter I.
(2) A corollary to this view is that protective additives such as glycerol protect cells by acting colligatively to reduce the electrolyte concentration at any subzero temperature.
(3) This result supports the hypothesis that the oxygen transport function of bloods with extracellular haemocyanins and haem proteins is limited by their colligative properties; (3) the pressure relationships and the absence of colloid osmotic activity in urine indicates that filtration contributes to urine formation in several species.
(4) Measurements of the colligative properties of nucleosides and their derivatives have shown that bases form transient aggregates in solution [Ts'o (1967) J.
(5) This phenomenon is called freezing hysteresis, in contrast to the normal colligative effect of solutes that depresses the equilibrium temperature, around which small changes lead to crystal growth or melting depending on sign.
(6) The perturbations of both equilibria are accurately described by the colligative thermodynamic framework.
(7) ), inhibit ice crystal growth by a non-colligative mechanism, probably by adsorbing onto the surface of potential seed ice crystals and thereby blocking growth at preferred growth sites.
(8) However, cosolvent induced changes in Ki indicate that colligative as well as dielectric constant effects contribute to the observed changes in kinetic behavior.
(9) Specialization to temperatures at or below 0 degrees C is associated with an inability to survive at temperatures above 3-8 degrees C. Polar fish synthesize various types of glycoproteins or peptides to lower the freezing point of most extracellular fluid compartments in a non-colligative manner.
(10) An understanding of the osmotic physiology and colligative properties of a solution will benefit the emergency physician in proper ordering and interpretation of serum osmolality measurements.
(11) Membrane and vapor pressure osmometry are two colligative methods that can be useful in lipid research.
(12) The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone, an inert polymer resembling plasma proteins in its colligative effects, in the testing of micrococcaceae for sensitivity to methicillin and cephradine is described.
(13) Accumulation of polyols causes a steep drop in the lethal temperature, due to a reduction of the amount of ice by a colligative mechanism.
(14) By employing EtOH as a colligative cryoprotectant, we preserved the adult mammalian heart frozen at -3.4 degrees C or unfrozen at -1.4 degrees C, suggesting that this small molecular weight, penetrating substance may be a suitable cryoprotectant for long-term storage of the cardiac explant at high subzero temperatures.
(15) It is more likely that the modulation of atmospheric gas composition is based on the colligative properties of exponentially growing mixed populations of microorganisms rather than on "daisies".
(16) The primary actions of ethanol result from colligative effects of the high molar concentrations rather than from specific interactions with receptors.
(17) The antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP) of polar fish have the ability to depress the freezing temperature of water approximately 500 times the amount expected based on the number of AFGP molecules in solution; yet AFGP solutions have a purely colligative melting point depression.
(18) It is known from the physical chemistry that mucoid substances (glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins) constitute polyanionic gels with anomalous colligative behaviour and differential preference for binding some cations such as H+, K+, Ca2+.
(19) Once these concepts have been established and the advantages and limitations of its cytologic packaging recognized, the study of the erythrocyte as expressed in its dimensions, colligative aspects, geometry, internal morphology and pathologic variations can be approached in a purposeful manner.
(20) The data, in combination with other findings, lead to two conclusions: (a) The protection from glycerol is due to its colligative ability to reduce the concentration of sodium chloride in the external medium, but (b) the protection is less than that expected from colligative effects; apparently glycerol itself can also be a source of damage, probably because it renders the red cells susceptible to osmotic shock during thawing.
Collimate
Definition:
(v. t.) To render parallel to a certain line or direction; to bring into the same line, as the axes of telescopes, etc.; to render parallel, as rays of light.
Example Sentences:
(1) The dual-probe system incorporates a central collimated probe for monitoring activity in the LV surrounded by an annular detector collimated in such a manner as to provide simultaneous real-time monitoring of the LV background activity.
(2) The second area of improved SPECT technology is camera collimation and related imaging techniques.
(3) Comparative clinical studies on temporomandibular joints (TMJ) between the LEGP and fan beam collimators also confirm the superior image quality obtained with the fan beam collimator.
(4) In work to determine whether X-radiation could be used to induce tumors of the colon in outbred Holtzman rats, a technique was devised so that only the descending colon could be irradiated with a collimated X-ray beam and tumorigenic exposures in the kilo-Roentgen range were delivered.
(5) In the RAO view with the collimator flat against the chest there was better resolution of the cardiac apex.
(6) As an initial feasibility study of computer-controlled radiation therapy, its application to produce wedge-shaped dose distributions by moving the collimator jaws has been evaluated.
(7) Analysis of the penumbra width of cross dose distributions, as a function of field sizes, allowed us to postulate that the dmax shift could be due to the phantom scattered photons, which in turn were generated by the collimator scattered photons.
(8) Larger detectors with converging collimation result in much higher photon input rates to the scintillation crystal in routine clinical studies than has occurred in the past.
(9) Neutron spectra at various locations in a phantom, irradiated by collimated beams of 14 MeV neutrons and neutrons from 252 Cf and Po-Be sources, were calculated using the Monte Carlo technique.
(10) Without scatter, the resolution was 4.7 mm (full width at half-maximum); in a scatter medium, the resolution was 5.3-10.0 mm with high resolution collimation and 7.7-18.8 mm with general purpose collimation, depending on filtering.
(11) Quantitative measurement of the scatter dose in polystyrene solid phantoms with a Farmer type chamber and effects of shielding blocks under the collimators were studied.
(12) Spatial resolution with parallel-hole or converging collimators was much less satisfactory with Ta-178 because of septal penetration by high-energy photons.
(13) Moving the collimator during imaging will reduce septal aberrations but will not increase resolution.
(14) The nonuniform response inherent in the use of the pinhole collimator has a significant effect, but with computer processing this is readily eliminated.
(15) The exchange of collimator pairs results in significant output differences but has a negligible effect on the depth-dose curves.
(16) This was consistent with the design of the line focus and the beam collimators used in this system.
(17) One-centimeter collimation contiguous scans through the chest were obtained in all patients.
(18) A further increase in photon utization is gained for small-organ imaging with converging collimators, which produce images with superior resolution and sensitivity to that obtained with equivalent parallel-hole collimators.
(19) Normal quantitative circumferential profile limits were established for a 30 degrees bilateral rotating slant-hole (RSH) collimator tomographic system.
(20) Central axis percentage depth doses and off-axis ratios measured with such a collimator show variations with the source-to-surface distance (SSD).