(v. t.) To mingle and blend, so that different elements can not be distinguished; to confuse.
(v. t.) To mistake for another; to identify falsely.
(v. t.) To throw into confusion or disorder; to perplex; to strike with amazement; to dismay.
(v. t.) To destroy; to ruin; to waste.
Example Sentences:
(1) Previous studies have not always controlled for socioeconomic status (SES) of mothers or other potential confounders such as gestational age or birthweight of infants.
(2) Displacing potencies for dopamine in the nanomolar range are associated with agonist-specific D-3 receptor binding and it is predicted that the component of D-2 binding with high agonist affinity may play a confounding role in many D-3 receptor studies.
(3) Frequently, however, only incomplete data on confounders can be obtained from sources such as next-of-kin or co-workers.
(4) Among all subgroups, the odds ratios adjusted for pertinent confounders and interactions fluctuated randomly by about 0.9 and showed no consistent trend with increased alcohol consumption.
(5) The possibility of applying Signal Detection Theory (SDT) to gustation was investigated by testing the effect of three variables--smoking, signal probability, and food intake (confounded with time of day)--on the taste sensitivity to sucrose of 24 male and 24 female Ss.
(6) They also include difficulties peculiar to the condition of mild mental retardation, including the choice of method of classification whether by IQ testing or administratively; the heterogeneous nature of the individuals so characterised; and the confounding effects of social and biological factors and the changes in the implications for the affected individual of the condition, depending on age, sex and environment.
(7) Practitioners must be aware of the potential for interactions between (and confounding by) commercially used feed components.
(8) A weakness was in not including confounding factors such as social class and the lack of detailed questions on topics.
(9) In practice, confounding by factors related to exposure opportunity is common.
(10) By using a national sample we ensured that the influence of regional variations in the configuration of long-term care services would not confound estimates of the relative effect of client-related factors.
(11) The independent effects of separation and display size, which were confounded in the Sagi and Julesz experiments, were examined.
(12) In particular, it is shown that adjustment for a misclassified confounding variable can be greatly improved by using the methods presented.
(13) Possible confounding effects of missing data, institutionalization prior to adoption, information given to adoptive parents by the adoption agencies about the child's biological background, historical period, perinatal factors, and selective placement were considered.
(14) I argue that (a) the procedures they used to study confounding were suboptimal because multiple measures of depression and catastrophizing were not employed and (b) the distinctiveness of constructs might better be regarded as a continuous rather than all-or-none (having adequate discriminant validity versus being confounded) concept.
(15) The observed relation between physical activity and colon cancer was not confounded by dietary intake of calories, fat, or protein, nor was the diet and colon cancer relation confounded by physical activity (odds ratios for calories, protein, and fat in males were 2.40, 2.57, and 2.18, respectively).
(16) It is this "multiple system failure" that compounds the effects of large scale events and confounds emergency response.
(17) To control for possible confounding variables, the authors repeated the analyses after stratifying by demographic and diagnostic variables that were distributed differently among men and women.
(18) Some recent reports implicate marijuana smoking as a cause of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract, though most of the subjects were exposed to other, possibly confounding, etiologic factors, namely tobacco and alcohol.
(19) With the use of the logistic regression method, an adjusted OR was obtained after controlling various confounders.
(20) The purpose of this study was to examine the association between maternal caffeine consumption and low birthweight, intrauterine growth retardation, and prematurity, adjusting for multiple confounders.
Conundrum
Definition:
(n.) A kind of riddle based upon some fanciful or fantastic resemblance between things quite unlike; a puzzling question, of which the answer is or involves a pun.
(n.) A question to which only a conjectural answer can be made.
Example Sentences:
(1) The spinal form of MS is a clinical conundrum, the solution of which may yield many answers; to be certain that it is MS and not another disease causing the myelopathy is often difficult.
(2) KR: She was truly in a conundrum because without the app, she felt too worthless to try and fix it by installing an update.
(3) Ben Carson: inside the worldview of a political conundrum Read more One such priority, he said, was protecting the “religious freedom” of people who believe on religious grounds that marriage is “between one man and one woman”.
(4) Tony Goldstone , of the MRC Clinical Science Centre at Imperial College London, scanned the brains of people who skipped meals and found mechanisms at work that could help explain the conundrum.
(5) Energy policy's central conundrum today is how to go green at the lowest possible cost.
(6) A major constraint is the implementation conundrum.
(7) On the road to 2015, all political parties will need to tackle this conundrum if there is going to be a seismic shift away from traditional thinking about how health and social care are delivered.
(8) Needless to say, BoKlok's brains have grappled with the conundrum.
(9) But the need to change and to integrate health and social care presents a huge conundrum for policymakers, given that such reforms remain "notoriously" controversial and unpopular with the public.
(10) These comparable characteristics may help explain a continuing conundrum in the responses to disorder literature: the loose coupling between crime and fear levels at the local level.
(11) To explore this conundrum, we need to start by looking at what happiness actually means.
(12) It is concluded that properly conducted cross-cultural research can yield results which can help to resolve the conundrum of depression and respond to the challenge which depression poses to the society, to public health authorities and to the individuals who suffer from it.
(13) The anser to this conundrum, that the kidney was sometimes the cause and sometimes the consequence of circulatory disease was suggested by Mahomed's discovery of essential hypertension but confirmation had to await the invention of a clinically useful sphygmomanometer.
(14) Impossible to count.” He added: “No one knows.” The city has spent years trying to resolve this conundrum.
(15) Newspapers in the US had never before had to deal with the conundrum of what to do with leaked documents that had been procured illegally by people not in official positions.
(16) Labour, which has yet to resolve its own testing conundrums, will have to confront these challenges one day too.
(17) The British government has given its first official hint that it hopes the Irish external border will provide the solution to one of the most vexing conundrums of Brexit: how to pull up the immigration drawbridge without installing a “hard border” of customs posts and passport checks between Northern Ireland and Ireland.
(18) That’s the conundrum.” In a statement on Wednesday, Farron said the time had come for a deputy leader, given the party had elected a number of new women MPs when only men were elected in 2015.
(19) As the election haze clears, Trump’s China conundrum will become clear | Jonathan Fenby Read more That’s Trump’s first contribution to a Pacific agenda: an increase in South Koreans and Japanese who believe they should be nuclear-armed because American cannot be relied on, especially with North Korea fine-tuning its missile capacity.
(20) As the election haze clears, Trump’s China conundrum will become clear | Jonathan Fenby Read more Zhang Xiangchen, China’s deputy international trade representative, also told a news conference in Washington on Wednesday that a broad consensus of academics, business people and government officials have concluded that China is not manipulating its yuan currency to gain an unfair trade advantage, as Trump has charged.