(1) Previous studies have not always controlled for socioeconomic status (SES) of mothers or other potential confounders such as gestational age or birthweight of infants.
(2) Displacing potencies for dopamine in the nanomolar range are associated with agonist-specific D-3 receptor binding and it is predicted that the component of D-2 binding with high agonist affinity may play a confounding role in many D-3 receptor studies.
(3) Frequently, however, only incomplete data on confounders can be obtained from sources such as next-of-kin or co-workers.
(4) Among all subgroups, the odds ratios adjusted for pertinent confounders and interactions fluctuated randomly by about 0.9 and showed no consistent trend with increased alcohol consumption.
(5) The possibility of applying Signal Detection Theory (SDT) to gustation was investigated by testing the effect of three variables--smoking, signal probability, and food intake (confounded with time of day)--on the taste sensitivity to sucrose of 24 male and 24 female Ss.
(6) They also include difficulties peculiar to the condition of mild mental retardation, including the choice of method of classification whether by IQ testing or administratively; the heterogeneous nature of the individuals so characterised; and the confounding effects of social and biological factors and the changes in the implications for the affected individual of the condition, depending on age, sex and environment.
(7) Practitioners must be aware of the potential for interactions between (and confounding by) commercially used feed components.
(8) A weakness was in not including confounding factors such as social class and the lack of detailed questions on topics.
(9) In practice, confounding by factors related to exposure opportunity is common.
(10) By using a national sample we ensured that the influence of regional variations in the configuration of long-term care services would not confound estimates of the relative effect of client-related factors.
(11) The independent effects of separation and display size, which were confounded in the Sagi and Julesz experiments, were examined.
(12) In particular, it is shown that adjustment for a misclassified confounding variable can be greatly improved by using the methods presented.
(13) Possible confounding effects of missing data, institutionalization prior to adoption, information given to adoptive parents by the adoption agencies about the child's biological background, historical period, perinatal factors, and selective placement were considered.
(14) I argue that (a) the procedures they used to study confounding were suboptimal because multiple measures of depression and catastrophizing were not employed and (b) the distinctiveness of constructs might better be regarded as a continuous rather than all-or-none (having adequate discriminant validity versus being confounded) concept.
(15) The observed relation between physical activity and colon cancer was not confounded by dietary intake of calories, fat, or protein, nor was the diet and colon cancer relation confounded by physical activity (odds ratios for calories, protein, and fat in males were 2.40, 2.57, and 2.18, respectively).
(16) It is this "multiple system failure" that compounds the effects of large scale events and confounds emergency response.
(17) To control for possible confounding variables, the authors repeated the analyses after stratifying by demographic and diagnostic variables that were distributed differently among men and women.
(18) Some recent reports implicate marijuana smoking as a cause of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract, though most of the subjects were exposed to other, possibly confounding, etiologic factors, namely tobacco and alcohol.
(19) With the use of the logistic regression method, an adjusted OR was obtained after controlling various confounders.
(20) The purpose of this study was to examine the association between maternal caffeine consumption and low birthweight, intrauterine growth retardation, and prematurity, adjusting for multiple confounders.
Contradictory
Definition:
(a.) Affirming the contrary; implying a denial of what has been asserted; also, mutually contradicting; inconsistent.
(a.) Opposing or opposed; repugnant.
(n.) A proposition or thing which denies or opposes another; contrariety.
(n.) propositions with the same terms, but opposed to each other both in quality and quantity.
Example Sentences:
(1) The relationships between the menopause and risk factors for ischaemic heart disease are complex, which may be one reason for the contradictory results when relating menopausal age to the incidence of ischaemic heart disease.
(2) (1) EXCP appears to be a more serious finding only in those higher risk individuals with either a positive EXECG or lower MAXRPP; (2) EXCP and its interactions may help discriminate between anginal and nonanginal, exertional chest pain, and (3) the contradictory results found when EXCP was allowed to interact may explain conflicting results in previous multivariate models regarding the predictive significance of EXCP.
(3) We suggest a model for transcription that involves the participation of a nucleoskeleton at the active site and reconcile the contradictory results obtained using different salt concentrations.
(4) A few days on, we still don't know much , and the evidence against Lewthwaite is scant and contradictory.
(5) The literature on the possible risk of myasthenia gravis complicating pregnancy and delivery is sparse and partly contradictory but some of the reports on the number of perinatal and neonatal deaths are alarming.
(6) This seemed contradictory for a government keen on getting people out of their cars, and given that at the time the Treasury finances were relatively healthy.
(7) A former ministerial colleague of Iain Duncan Smith once put it to me that he was a striking example of cognitive dissonance: that is, of holding two or more contradictory beliefs in his head at any given moment.
(8) The often changing and contradictory assessments made of the situation in different countries and at different times are outlined, and the difficulty of making a balanced and just evaluation of long established drugs is shown, particularly if the available data are derived primarily from spontaneous reports which, besides being almost impossible to verify, are often incomplete.
(9) Up to now there are contradictory findings as to the presence of an endogenous opioid antagonist.
(10) This finding is contradictory to the generally held view that antagonist-induced opioid receptor up-regulation in brain increases asymptotically, leveling off after a relatively brief treatment period.
(11) However, the literature provides little information on this and is contradictory.
(12) Contradictory data have recently been published from two different laboratories on the presence vs absence of an intrinsic endonucliolytic activity of E. coli exonuclease III at apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA.
(13) The test is commonly used as a preoperative screen to predict hemorrhage, but the data supporting this indication are contradictory at best.
(14) In view of the contradictory results reported in the literature regarding induction of specific immunologic tolerance to mechlorethamine hydrochloride (HN2), the problem was reinvestigated using a "tolerogenic" schedule that had been reported to be effective.
(15) By compromising these contradictory requirements, small dialkylamino (including cyclic amino) groups were decided to be the most favorable substituents.
(16) Evidence is presented to demonstrate that two different "melanotic" genes were being considered, thus explaining the apparently contradictory reports.
(17) In type 2 diabetics contradictory results have been obtained, probably related to varying degrees of body overweight in the patients investigated.
(18) This appears to be contradictory to the current view that a decrease in serum PRL levels with a concurrent increase in the intracellular PRL levels caused by bromocriptine treatment results from the inhibition of exocytosis of secretory granules.
(19) The literature is contradictory regarding the effect of static magnetic fields on the function of the central nervous system of mammals.
(20) The evidence for the involvement of Ca2+ in dPRL release is based on contradictory or unclear data.