(n.) Union or connection; the state of touching or contact.
(n.) The quality or state of being contingent or casual; the possibility of coming to pass.
(n.) An event which may or may not occur; that which is possible or probable; a fortuitous event; a chance.
(n.) An adjunct or accessory.
(n.) A certain possible event that may or may not happen, by which, when happening, some particular title may be affected.
Example Sentences:
(1) The interresponse-time reinforcement contingencies inherent in these schedules may actually mask the effects of overall reinforcement rate; thus differences in response rate as a function of reinforcement rate when interresponse-time reinforcement is eliminated may be underestimated.
(2) The effects of learning history were evident on sessions 4 and 5 when the same consequence was contingent upon the performance of all groups.
(3) However, during massed testing, all subjects trained with response contingent CS termination showed an overall extinction influence, which was most pronounced in the medial subgroup, although the laterals showed frequency control as well.
(4) Aggressive responding was maintained by contingent presentation of periods free of point subtractions, i.e., provocations.
(5) The aim in postoperative pain therapy is a time-contingent dosing after careful intravenous titration of the compound in the lower dose range during continuous supervision.
(6) The results indicate that behavior in transition states maintained by reinforcement contingencies in the radial maze is similar to that maintained by extended chained schedules, despite the fact that some of the stimuli controlling behavior in the maze are absent at the moment behavior is emitted.
(7) He said there were a sufficient number of shifts at Heathrow to maintain "a full immigration desk policy" and insisted the contingency planning for security at the Games, which had seen more than 18,000 military personnel called in, meant the government had enough troops in place or in reserve to make up for the G4S staffing fiasco.
(8) The bill is due to become law in the summer and is already forcing the party to make contingency plans including the possible sale of property.
(9) The level of disruption to services will vary widely and depend on the number of staff joining the strike, the mitigating impact of the NHS’s contingency planning and how many patients need acute care, such as A&E care or surgery.
(10) For each subject, reinforcers (money) were contingent upon responses on each of two panels: (1) a matching panel for working matching-to-sample problems, and (2) a sample panel for producing the sample stimulus.
(11) These interventions are effective, however, only as long as the contingencies are in effect.
(12) In contrast, rudiments of internal organs provided their own contingent of endothelial precursors, a process termed vasculogenesis.
(13) In this experiment, reward and punishment contingencies were directly manipulated to produce approach and withdrawal emotional states.
(14) Development of an aorta and pulmonary trunk with tricuspid semilunar valves appears to be contingent on the appearance of separate entwined ventricular ejection streams.
(15) In the present study, subjects with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were given four behavioural measures of executive function, two measures of posterior nonexecutive function, and a Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) task, a proposed electrophysiological index of frontal-lobe functioning.
(16) Using contingency table analysis, we found the following were significantly related to clinical hydrocephalus: increasing age; preexisting hypertension; admission blood pressure measurements; postoperative hypertension; admission CT findings of intraventricular hemorrhage, a diffuse collection of subarachnoid blood, and a thick focal collection of subarachnoid blood; posterior circulation site of aneurysm; focal ischemic deficits; use of antifibrinolytic drugs preoperatively; hyponatremia; admission level of consciousness; and a low score on the Glasgow outcome scale.
(17) Rats were trained to perform shuttle responses to a buzzer in four different situations: pseudoconditioning or D test (buzzers and footshocks presented at random), classical conditioning or DP test (buzzers and footshocks paired on every trial), avoidance without stimulus pairing or DC test (buzzer-shock intervals varied at random, shocks contingent upon non-emission of a shuttle response to the preceding buzzer), and standard two-way avoidance or DPC test (buzzers paired to shocks, but the latter omitted every time there was shuttling to the buzzer).
(18) The results support the assumption of the distraction arousal model used as an interpretation of these effects on contingent negative variation and suggest that high CO absorbing smokers possibly depend more on neuropharmacological effects of smoking than smokers with a low amount of CO absorption.
(19) Single-case methodology was used to evaluate the effectiveness of contingent reinforcement in promoting head posture in an adult brain-injured male.
(20) Experiment II indicated that a severely retarded male would also work at a high work rate under a self-determined reinforcement contingency.
Tautology
Definition:
(n.) A repetition of the same meaning in different words; needless repetition of an idea in different words or phrases; a representation of anything as the cause, condition, or consequence of itself, as in the following lines: --//The dawn is overcast, the morning lowers,/And heavily in clouds brings on the day. Addison.
Example Sentences:
(1) Two studies are reported in which subjects rated the acceptability of different tautological constructions either alone (Experiment 1) or with supporting contextual information (Experiment 2).
(2) Barton rubs Old Firm up the wrong way Joey Barton apologises ‘unreservedly’ after being sent home by Rangers Read more The phrase “Joey Barton Twitter storm” is pretty much a tautology, so it was no surprise that his decision to sign for Rangers in May had social media in a kerfuffle when his 2012 tweet – “I am a Celtic fan” – was dredged up so that it might be subject to calm and sober scrutiny from all concerned.
(3) These 5 were classified into 2 operations of varying the independent variable, 2 of holding the independent variable constant, and tautology.
(4) If Farage was tempted to reply that his opponent trades in a cut-price political rhetoric that reduces debate to a bewildering brew of slogans, tautologies and clap-lines, he chose instead to occupy the argumentative high ground – or as close as Ukippers get to it.
(5) What do tautological phrases such as Boys will be boys, A promise is a promise, or War is war mean and how are they understood?
(6) None of the other freedoms are as free as they were meant to be, so how about we make this freedom a bit less of a freedom to make it more in line with the other non-freedoms.” Caught up in the tautology of his argument, the prime minister went on to make ever wilder and contradictory claims.
(7) However, this tautologic upper limit does not uniquely define the critical duration.
(8) Duration judgments were explaned predominantly by succession, whereas succession judgments were explained tautologically or by mere "seeing."
(9) This is what passes for significant thought in the GOP: new scare facts colliding with new anecdotes of meetin’ folks, all to explain re-synonymized tautologies.
(10) Our results indicate that glucoreceptor cells in tissues perfused by carotid arteries may play a tautological role in the sympathetic response to hypoglycemia and imply that glucose-sensitive receptors must also be located elsewhere in the central nervous system or in the periphery.
(11) They are nothing more, Stewart now acknowledges, than tautologies.
(12) Confining the diagnosis of schizophrenia to the severe cases indicates a conservative, perhaps tautological, approach to this diagnosis.
(13) To avoid tautology, the nature of these was confirmed by immunostaining for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and factor VIII-related antigen (FVII RAg).
(14) The first is a tautology lacking explanatory power.
(15) The reasoning may be questioned because of faulty inferential leaps, undue reliance on the concept of 'maturity', the use of a tautology, ('The dependent person is...dependent'), internal contradictions, and a questionable analogy between children's and adults' behaviour.
(16) The basic tenet of twin biology, that most twin excess anomalies are due to MZs, is a myth self-perpetuated by a methodological tautology, and is false, at least for mortality.
(17) It is argued that since Heather & Robertson's 'new' approach incorporates a set of assumptions parallel to those of the disease concept it is equally tautological, and therefore does not represent the type of change in paradigm they propose.
(18) Historian and MP Tristram Hunt is indicted for "tautology and other errors".
(19) It is this devotion to the infinitely unknown that makes Hugo so meticulous in giving the reader Valjean's prison numbers; and why Valjean's name is almost a tautology.
(20) Forensic factors were found to be positively related to length of admission; and motivation for treatment--a problematic concept which has frequently been regarded as tautologous--is also discussed.