What's the difference between contraction and crenation?
Contraction
Definition:
(n.) The act or process of contracting, shortening, or shrinking; the state of being contracted; as, contraction of the heart, of the pupil of the eye, or of a tendion; the contraction produced by cold.
(n.) The process of shortening an operation.
(n.) The act of incurring or becoming subject to, as liabilities, obligation, debts, etc.; the process of becoming subject to; as, the contraction of a disease.
(n.) Something contracted or abbreviated, as a word or phrase; -- as, plenipo for plenipotentiary; crim. con. for criminal conversation, etc.
(n.) The shortening of a word, or of two words, by the omission of a letter or letters, or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one; as, ne'er for never; can't for can not; don't for do not; it's for it is.
(n.) A marriage contract.
Example Sentences:
(1) During the performance of propulsive waves of the oesophagus the implanted vagus nerve caused clonic to tetanic contractions of the sternohyoid muscle, thus proving the oesophagomotor genesis of the reinnervating nerve fibres.
(2) But RWE admitted it had often only been able to retain customers with expired contracts by offering them new deals with more favourable conditions.
(3) Thus adrenaline, via pre- and post-junctional adrenoceptors, may contribute to enhanced vascular smooth muscle contraction, which most likely is sensitized by the elevated intracellular calcium concentration.
(4) Further, the maximal increase in force of contraction was measured using papillary muscle strips from some of these patients.
(5) When subjects centered themselves actively, or additionally, contracted trunk flexor or extensor muscles to predetermined levels of activity, no increase in trunk positioning accuracy was found.
(6) Twitch-tetanus ratios were calculated and found not to be related to unit contraction time.6.
(7) Selective removal of endothelium had no effect on BK-induced contraction or the action of the antagonists.
(8) The increased muscular strength in due to a rise of calcaemia, improved muscle contraction and probably also due to the mentioned nutritional factors.
(9) However, there was not a relationship between the contraction curve of the gallbladder and the bile flow into the duodenum.
(10) In in vitro preparations GABA (10(-7) - 10(-3) M) elicited a dose-dependent relaxation; a decrease in the spontaneous contractions was sometimes observed.
(11) There was no correlation between disturbed gastric clearance, impaired gall bladder contraction, and prolonged colonic transit time in the patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy nor was there a correlation between any disturbed motor function and age or duration of diabetes.
(12) Noradrenaline decreased the phasic contraction amplitude of the circular muscle and exerted a stimulant effect on the tone which suggested an existence of two alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes.
(13) It may, however, be useful to compare local wall dynamics in the more isometrically-contracting basal segment with those in the middle portion which brings about most of the emptying of the ventricle.
(14) Upon depletion of ATP in contraction, the P2 intensity reverted to the original rigor level, accompanied by development of rigor tension.
(15) L-NAME abolished B contractions in a dose-dependent fashion.
(16) The power spectrum of the EMG was analyzed during isometric contractions of the shoulder muscles.
(17) A23187 had only a transient effect on KCl-contracted coronary arteries.
(18) When caffeine evokes a contraction, and only then, crayfish muscle fibers become refractory to a second challenge with caffeine for up to 20 min in the standard saline (5 mM K(o)).
(19) Dopamine at concentrations over 10(-5)M induced contractions of tracheal muscle strips and repeated exposures resulted in desensitization (tachyphylaxis) of the muscle.
(20) In the present study we examined cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction after oral administration of a commercial fatty meal (Sorbitract; Dagra, Diemen, The Netherlands) using ultrasonography in eight normal subjects and eight gallstone patients before and after 1 and 4 weeks of treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (10 mg kg-1.day-1).
Crenation
Definition:
(n.) A rounded tooth on the edge of a leaf.
(n.) The condition of being crenate.
Example Sentences:
(1) Numerous 70-mmicro diameter vesicles apparently pinch off from the Golgi systems, transport this material through the egg, and probably then fuse to form a crenate, membrane-limited yolk droplet.
(2) In vitro incubation of human blood cells with iodinated radiographic contrast media (RCM) produced marked effects which were dose-dependent: erythrocytes showed crenation which was reversible; neutrophil leukocytes released the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase; basophil leukocytes released histamine; and platelets released serotonin as well as beta-glucuronidase.
(3) Our results indicate: 1) linear RBC pressure-flow behavior over a driving pressure range of 2 to 10.5 cm H2O with zero velocity intercepts at delta P = 0, thus suggesting the Poiseuille-like nature of the flow; 2) resistance to flow or "apparent viscosities" for normal RBC which are between 3.1 to 3.9 cPoise and are independent of driving pressure and pore geometry; 3) increased flow resistance (i.e., increased transit times) for old versus young RBC and for RBC made less deformable by DNP-induced crenation or by heat treatment at 48 degrees C; 4) increased mean transit time and poorer reproducibility when using EDTA rather than heparin as the anticoagulant agent.
(4) The incubation of old RBCs with PEP not only increased ATP and 2,3-DPG levels, but also facilitated the transformation of crenated erythrocytes to discocytes.
(5) Isolated human erythrocyte membranes crenate when suspended in isotonic medium, but can use MgATP to reduce their net positive curvature, yielding smooth discs and cup forms that eventually undergo endocytosis.
(6) At the same time the red cells became crenated and developed thorny spicules (echinocytes).
(7) Scanning electron microscopy of the platelets revealed a gradual morphologic change from biconcave flat discs to irregular, crenated forms.
(8) This crenated cell shape was reversed to a biconcave disc or cup-like form by a further treatment with lysophospholipase.
(9) On the other hand, the process was facilitated when red cells were exposed to crenators like the anionic drugs indomethacin and phenylbutazone or when DMPC was added to calcium-loaded red cells.
(10) The abnormal erythrocyte shape (crenation) was strikingly observed in all groups after four weeks of egg yolk feeding with good correlation to lipid levels (r = 0.9, p less than 0.001).
(11) Maintaining a higher level of albumin during EC by adding 50 g human albumin to the extracorporeal system prevented erythrocyte crenation.
(12) Uptake of phosphine by erythrocytes causes crenation, but conversion of oxyhaemoglobin to methaemoglobin and hemichrome could not be demonstrated.
(13) These results revealed that ioxaglate, an ionic contrast medium, was the best in vitro medium, to prevent aggregation of red cells and crenation deformity of erythrocytes.
(14) In contrast to the control and the regression rats, many of the hypertrophic vessels of all types in the hypoxic rats showed signs of constriction, ie, crenation of the wall, indentations of medial smooth muscle cell nuclei, and excrescences of smooth muscle cell cytoplasm, often protruding deeply into the endothelium.
(15) We demonstrate that the damage consists of lifting, crenation and detachment of endothelial cells, partially due to contracture and forceful redilation of the vessel wall.
(16) KB-2796 and FNZ at 10-100 microM dose-dependently prevented crenation of rabbit erythrocytes induced by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187.
(17) Electron microscopy of the endothelial layer of intimal explants showed dilatations in the intercellular junctions and cellular changes representing contraction--increased prominence of cytoplasmic filaments, nuclear crenation, and cytoplasmic protrusions--at 30 and 60 minutes.
(18) Raising this concentration reversibly decreased the degree of crenation.
(19) These amphiphiles immediately induced strongly crenated erythrocytes which during incubation shifted to less crenated erythrocytes or to stomatocytes.
(20) Osmiophilic granules with a homogeneous core, crenated membrane and narrow submembranous halo predominated in the columnar juxtacortical cells.