(v. i.) To expel air, or obstructing or irritating matter, from the lungs or air passages, in a noisy and violent manner.
(v. t.) To expel from the lungs or air passages by coughing; -- followed by up; as, to cough up phlegm.
(v. t.) To bring to a specified state by coughing; as, he coughed himself hoarse.
(v. i.) A sudden, noisy, and violent expulsion of air from the chest, caused by irritation in the air passages, or by the reflex action of nervous or gastric disorder, etc.
(v. i.) The more or less frequent repetition of coughing, constituting a symptom of disease.
Example Sentences:
(1) Down and up regulation by peptides may be useful for treatment of cough and prevention of aspiration pneumonia.
(2) After controlling for FEV1, cough was still significantly associated with treatment for airway disease in general and both cough, mucus hypersecretion and chronic bronchitis were significantly associated with treatment for airway obstruction.
(3) The drug proved to be of high value in alleviating nocturnal coughing controlling spastic bronchitis in children, as a pretreatment before bronchological examinations and their anaesthesia.
(4) The drug I started taking caused an irritating, chronic cough, which disappeared when I switched to an inexpensive diuretic.
(5) Both hypersensitivity of the cough reflex and the symptom of cough are reversed by sulindac which suggests that the abnormal reflex is dependent on cyclo-oxygenase products.
(6) The responses were scored hourly up to 4 hours after the administration of single doses in the morning to subjects with persistent cough.
(7) I really want people to know that pregnancy vaccination means we now have the power to minimise – if not completely stop – deaths from whooping cough,” she said.
(8) The inability of these young smokers to enhance their mucus clearance by cough suggests a change in the mucociliary apparatus from normal.
(9) Most infections have flu-like symptoms including fever, coughing, sore throat, runny nose, and aches and pains.
(10) Patients were selected if they demonstrated no apparent underlying cause for their persistent cough after appropriate radiological and respiratory function tests including methacholine reactivity and bronchoscopic examination.
(11) During captopril treatment one patient complained of a non-productive cough.
(12) Malaise, fatigability, low-grade fever, aching chest pain and mild cough lasting a few days to a few weeks are usual.
(13) These dyspnea complaints often presented themselves as isolated symptoms, without chronic cough or phlegm production.
(14) These findings suggest that muscarinic receptor stimulation, bronchoconstriction, beta 2 receptor stimulation, or bronchodilation might have no direct effect on the sensitivity of the cough receptors in normal subjects.
(15) In the treatment of 31 cases of acute infections of pediatric field including upper and lower airway infections, empyema, whooping cough, acute urinary tract infections and phlegmon, CMNX was administered intravenously either as one shot injection as drip infusion.
(16) Among men, a large group complained of chronic cough.
(17) There were statistically significant exposure-response relations between exposure and symptoms from eyes and upper airways, dry cough, positive skin prick test, and specific IgE and IgG antibodies.
(18) To determine the role of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major during cough in tetraplegic subjects.
(19) The effect of the drugs on respiratory resistance (Rrs), measured using a forced oscillation technique, was measured both before and after the inhalation of a dose of capsaicin which caused less than two coughs.
(20) One year later, using postal questionnaires, they were asked about their experience of back pain in the ensuing 12 months and about smoking habits, breathlessness, coughing, and the bringing up of phlegm.
Dextromethorphan
Definition:
Example Sentences:
(1) Thus the innocuousness and ubiquitous availability of dextromethorphan render it attractive for worldwide pharmacogenetic investigations in man.
(2) The effects of both opioid (morphine and dihydrocodeine) and nonopioid (dextromethorphan and noscapine) antitussive drugs were diminished in morphine-dependent rats.
(3) In addition, the previous blockade by ketamine and dextromethorphan of NMDA receptors has been shown to intensify the naloxone-elicited morphine abstinence syndrome.
(4) Protection by codeine 20 mg, dextromethorphan 30 mg, noscapine 30 mg, and placebo against citric acid-induced cough was determined in eighteen healthy subjects.
(5) The K+ outflow via nicotinic ACh receptor cation channels was inhibited by various psychotomimetic sigma ligands in the sequence of PCP, dextromethorphan >> DTG, MK 801, (+)SKF10047 >> (+)3-PPP.
(6) In a preliminary study, different rates of N-, O- and N,O- demethylation of dextromethorphan to yield D-methoxymorphinane, dextrorphan and D-hydroxymorphinane, respectively, were found in extensive- (Sprague-Dawley) and poor-metabolizer (female dark Agouti) rat strains.
(7) Codeine and dextromethorphan were N-demethylated in human foetal liver microsomes at high rates which were close to the activities in adult livers.
(8) The purpose of this study was to determine whether dextromethorphan, an opioid class antitussive, prevents hypoxia-induced loss of nerve function in an in vitro hippocampal slice preparation.
(9) The concentrations of dextrorphan were 170 times higher than the concentrations of dextromethorphan.
(10) Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties have been demonstrated, and treatment with dextromethorphan has been shown to improve the cerebrovascular and functional consequences of global cerebral ischemia.
(11) Both bufuralol and dextromethorphan are well-known substrates of cytochrome P450IID6.
(12) Male and female rats exhibited striking differences in their ability to metabolize dextromethorphan.
(13) Moreover, genotypic identification of heterozygous and homozygous extensive metabolizer subjects did not predict CYP2D6 activity, as determined by dextromethorphan and encainide metabolic ratios, or encainide response, as determined by intraventricular and atrioventricular changes.
(14) The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists dextromethorphan (DM) and dextrorphan (DX) were found to reduce significantly neocortical severe ischemic neuronal damage (SIND) when administered in a delayed fashion after the ischemic insult.
(15) The anticonvulsant potency of these compounds, (+)-5-methyl-10,11- dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801) greater than dextrorphan greater than or equal to 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine hydrochloride (PCP) greater than dextromethorphan greater than (+)-pentazocine, upon microinjection into the prepiriform cortex, was highly correlated (r = 0.971; P less than 0.01) with their respective affinities for the [3H]dextrorphan-labelled NMDA receptors in rat forebrain membranes.
(16) In the dextromethorphan-treated animals, 90% of the rats survived compared with 47% of the untreated animals (p less than 0.05).
(17) A centrally acting antitussive agent dextromethorphan (DM) was tested to determine its possible interaction with naloxone in rats responding under a fixed-interval schedule of positive reinforcement.
(18) Simple, sensitive and selective enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) for monitoring urinary dextromethorphan and its major metabolite, dextrorphan, were developed.
(19) The results indicate that salbutamol has antitussive action enhancing the effect of plain dextromethorphan.
(20) In the present investigation, the effects of sigma ligands [WY-47384 [8-fluoro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2[3-(3-pyridinyl)propyl)1H- pyrido(4,3b)indole], (+)-pentazocine, (+)-SFK 10,047 (N-allylnormetazocine), mafoprazine, opipramol, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, (+)-3-PPP [3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-propylpiperidine], (-)-butaclamol, DTG [1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine], rimcazole, ifenprodil and BMY-14802 [alpha-(fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine butanol]] on harmaline-, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-, methamphetamine (MA)- and D-serine-induced increases in mouse cerebellar levels of cGMP were determined.